The International Market For Brand Protection Solutions - Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Vandagraf International has been researching and publishing a series of reports on ‘Brand Protection Solutions’. Each report focuses on specific vertical markets.
The market for Luxury Products & Beauty Products covers a range of product categories:
There has been a marked trend for manufacturers of one category of luxury goods to diversify and extend their product ranges across other categories of luxury goods. This is making the task of defending a brand significantly more complex as a luxury brand owner may need to defend his increasingly diverse range of luxury product types against varying types of product related crime.
Different types of luxury products have different packaging, different routes to market as well as other differences and so may face different types of brand threats.
Luxury Brand Products typically have high profit margins as well as high prices, which tends to make them particularly attractive to counterfeiters. Counterfeiting and other product related crimes are today widespread across luxury products market sectors.
Global financial losses due to counterfeiting and other product related crimes relating to luxury products and fashion accessories have been estimated at $26.6 billion with counterfeit beauty products weighing in at a further $24.3 billion in 2008.
This report identifies vulnerable products categories and identifies niche opportunities for brand protection solutions. The report also describes the different approaches to brand protection that are available to companies and organisations operating in these sectors.
Leading luxury products brand owner companies are taking an increasingly robust approach in their fight against product related crime to slow the resulting loss of revenues and erosion of the value of their brands.
This report describes the different approaches to brand protection that are available to brand owners, across the diversity of product categories that characterise the Luxury Goods industry.
An overview of problems and key drivers, together with descriptions of appropriate solutions, including actual case studies are included. The case for 1st, 2nd and / or 3rd level brand protection technologies is examined as well as approaches to tackling on-line internet related threats to luxury brands.
The market for Luxury Products & Beauty Products covers a range of product categories:
- Jewelry & Watches, Sunglasses
- Leather products / baggage including bags, briefcases, handbags, wallets & purses, suitcases and travel bags.
- Beauty Products - Perfumes, colognes, toilet preparations, cosmetics, make-up.
There has been a marked trend for manufacturers of one category of luxury goods to diversify and extend their product ranges across other categories of luxury goods. This is making the task of defending a brand significantly more complex as a luxury brand owner may need to defend his increasingly diverse range of luxury product types against varying types of product related crime.
Different types of luxury products have different packaging, different routes to market as well as other differences and so may face different types of brand threats.
Luxury Brand Products typically have high profit margins as well as high prices, which tends to make them particularly attractive to counterfeiters. Counterfeiting and other product related crimes are today widespread across luxury products market sectors.
Global financial losses due to counterfeiting and other product related crimes relating to luxury products and fashion accessories have been estimated at $26.6 billion with counterfeit beauty products weighing in at a further $24.3 billion in 2008.
This report identifies vulnerable products categories and identifies niche opportunities for brand protection solutions. The report also describes the different approaches to brand protection that are available to companies and organisations operating in these sectors.
Leading luxury products brand owner companies are taking an increasingly robust approach in their fight against product related crime to slow the resulting loss of revenues and erosion of the value of their brands.
This report describes the different approaches to brand protection that are available to brand owners, across the diversity of product categories that characterise the Luxury Goods industry.
An overview of problems and key drivers, together with descriptions of appropriate solutions, including actual case studies are included. The case for 1st, 2nd and / or 3rd level brand protection technologies is examined as well as approaches to tackling on-line internet related threats to luxury brands.
Some Comments by Experts
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Scope of Report
Market characteristics - Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Luxury Brands
Leading Luxury Brand Owners and Brands
Routes to market - Luxury Products & Beauty Products – Approved and unapproved
Counterfeiting and other product related crimes
Main Problem Areas - Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Table Main Problem Areas - Jewelry, Watches, Sunglasses, Leather Products / Baggage
Table Main Problem Areas - Beauty Products - Perfumes & Colognes, Cosmetics & Make-up
Brand Protection for Luxury Goods - A layered approach to authentication
Brand Protection Technologies – Jewelry
Brand Protection Technologies – Watches
Brand Protection Technologies – Sunglasses
Brand Protection technologies - Leather Products / baggage
Brand Protection Technologies - Perfumes & Colognes
Brand Protection Technologies - Cosmetics & Make-up
Areas of Opportunity in Luxury Products & Beauty Products for Providers of Brand Protection Solutions
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Driving Forces behind product related crime
1.2 Knowingly / Unwittingly – Consumer Behaviour and the Purchase of Counterfeit products
1.3 Digital Fakes - Second Generation counterfeits – A whole new World
1.3.1 Case Study - Reverse Engineering of Watches with Digital Technology
1.4 Summary Overview – Luxury & Beauty Products
1.4.1 Table Security risks - Luxury & Beauty Products
1.4.2 Table Countermeasures – Luxury & Beauty Products
2. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION – LUXURY PRODUCTS
2.1 Traditional Routes to Market / On-line (internet) - Threats & Crimes
2.2 Types of Product Related Crime
2.2.1 Product Counterfeiting and Piracy - Copy and Look-alike Products
2.2.2 Retail and Supply Chain Theft
2.2.3 Returns Fraud - Warranty Abuse
2.2.4 Diversion of Products from approved supply chains / distribution channels - Parallel Trading, Grey Markets and Diversion, Unauthorised Distribution, Back Door Trading and Over-runs
2.2.5 The Unauthorised ‘Run On’ of Production – A Special Case
2.3 The Need for a ‘Holistic’ Approach
2.4 Three Steps to brand protection / authentication / counterfeit deterrence
2.5 The Need for multiple levels of security
2.6 The Three Levels of Defense – Means of Product Authentication - Categorisation of Brand Protection Technologies
2.7 On-packaging / On-product Security Features
3. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION – JEWELRY & WATCHES
3.1 Market Overview – Jewelry & Watches
3.2 Threats & Crimes - Jewelry & Watches
3.2.1 Case Study - Three people plead guilty to importing, selling fake Jewelry in the US
3.2.2 Case Study - Potentially Harmful Counterfeit Tiffany Jewelry on sale in the United Kingdom
3.3.3 Case Study - Counterfeiting is not limited to top of the range luxury watch brands – Fake Pokemon Novelty Watches
3.3 Brand Protection - Jewelry & Watches
3.3.1 Brand Protection Technologies – Jewelry
3.3.2 Brand Protection Technologies – Watches
3.3.3 Case Study - Fossil Inc. / Orbid Corp. – On-product Marking with Proprietary Laser Codes - Brand Protection of Watches
3.3.4 Case Study - Securitrace Stacked Colour Nano-taggant Technology – Potential Applications for Replacement Parts for Watches as well as Original Parts
3.3.5 Case Study - AlpVision System for Brand Protection of Watches
3.3.6 Case Study - BrandAuthen Nano-technology Anti-Counterfeiting Solution
3.3.7 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology as a Tool for Brand Protection of Jewelry – Manufacture / Supply Chain / Retail
3.3.8 Case Study - de Grisogono – An RFID based Jewelry Inventory Solution from Tagsys RFID
3.3.9 Case Study - An RFID solution for Jewelry Protection – HID Global / Sokymat partners with Dubai Jewelry Store
3.3.10 Case Study - Authentication of Hublot Watches - WISeKey’s WISeAuthentic® smart card certification system
3.3.11 Case Study - Alok Kapoor – APK Identification – A Novel Approach to RFID Tagging Plastic Moulded Watches - Wrist bands or Cases
3.3.12 Case Study - A Shop Window Warning about Returns Fraud - Tag Heuer do not sell Watches via the Internet
3.3.13 Case Study - Security Taggants placed in the Fissure of a Gemstone
3.3.14 Some Guidelines for Identifying Counterfeit Tiffany Jewelry
3.3.15 Some Guidelines for Identifying a Counterfeit Rolex Watch
4. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION - SUNGLASSES
4.1 Market Overview - Sunglasses
4.1.1 Top Eyewear Manufacturers Worldwide
4.1.2 Leading Companies and Brands – Sunglasses
4.1.3 Designer Sunglasses – A Global Marketing Phenomenon
4.1.4 Types of Sunglasses
4.2 Threats & Crimes - Sunglasses
4.2.1 The Problem with Fake Sunglasses - Potential dangers to human health associated with counterfeit sunglasses
4.2.2 Case Study - Los Angeles CBP Seizes more than $18 Million in Counterfeit Sunglasses in one month in 2010
4.2.3 Case Study - Florida Man Suffers Eye Damage Trying on Counterfeit Sunglasses
4.2.4 Case Study - An Example of Unfair Foreign Trade Practices: Eyewear
4.2.5 Regional Trends - Guangzhou Hub for counterfeit Eyewear in China
4.3 Brand Protection - Sunglasses
4.3.1 Brand Protection Technologies – Sunglasses
4.3.2 How to Spot Fake Sunglasses
4.3.3 Some Guidelines for Identifying Counterfeit Ray-Ban sunglasses and brand protection features on genuine versions
5. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION - LEATHER PRODUCTS / BAGGAGE
5.1 Market Overview – Leather Products / Baggage
5.2 Threats & Crimes – Leather Products / Baggage
5.2.1 Exclusivity – A key feature of genuine Luxury Products – Diluted by counterfeiting
5.3 Brand Protection – Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.1 Brand Protection technologies - Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.2 Case Study - Anti-counterfeit Label for Cartier Product with Uniquely Identifiable Hologram – Hologram Industries France
5.3.3 Cash’s Woven and Self-adhesive Brand Protection Labels
5.3.4 Case Study - Woven Labels with Integrated RFID and / or EAS Tags
5.3.5 Hang Tags (aka Swing Tickets) - Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.6 Case Study - Polarisation Films Used as a Means of Authentication in the Clothing Industry could be successfully adapted for Leather Goods Products
5.3.7 Case Study - Crystal-Lit Polarisation Filter Images Authentication Devices
5.3.8 Case Study - Brand Protection Tags for Footwear that could be adapted for Leather Products
5.3.9 The Potential of RFID technology for Brand Protection – Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.10 Retail Theft and EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance) Tags / Labels
5.3.11 Case Study - Combined RFID and EAS Tags - EVOLVE Item Level Tag – A Development from Checkpoint
5.3.12 Case Study - Leather Products Protected against Counterfeiting and Diversion – A Brand Protection Solution from AlpVision
5.3.13 Case Study - Designer ‘Coach’ fights to protect against counterfeit versions of their branded hand bags and accessories in the US
5.3.14 Case Study - Brent Borough Council versus Alami International Limited - Confiscation Order of counterfeit goods
5.3.15 Case Study - Wal-Mart compensate Fendi for selling counterfeit products in their stores
5.3.16 Case Study - Purse Counterfeiting Ring in Oregon Busted
5.3.17 Identifying a Counterfeit Handbag
6. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION - BEAUTY PRODUCTS
6.1 Market Overview – Beauty Products
6.2 Threats & Crimes – Beauty Products
6.2.1 Human Health Hazards – Counterfeit Beauty Products
6.2.2 Counterfeit Beauty Products in North America
6.2.3 Counterfeit Beauty Products in the United Kingdom
6.2.4 Counterfeit Beauty Products in Asia
6.2.5 Counterfeit Beauty Products in Africa
6.2.6 Counterfeit Beauty Products in the Middle East
6.3 Brand Protection – Beauty Products
6.3.1 Brand Protection Technologies - Perfumes & Colognes
6.3.2 Brand Protection Technologies - Cosmetics & Make-up
6.3.3 Sophisticated and Innovative Brand Enhancing Packaging which can be Inherently Difficult to Counterfeit becomes effectively an Additional Security Feature in the Fight Against Counterfeiting in the Beauty Products Sector
6.3.4 When does an innovative and sophisticated hard-to-copy packaging feature become a Security Feature?
6.3.5 Developments in Security Labels and Materials
6.3.6 Security Label Substrates
6.3.7 Security Tear Tapes / Tear Strips
6.3.8 Case Study - ‘Fracture Code’ - Tamper evident feature for packaging from Payne Security of the United Kingdom
6.3.9 An Example of a Holographic Tear Tape
6.3.10 Case Study - Unique Bespoke Watermark Devices are Difficult to counterfeit
6.3.11 Security Holograms – From Optically Diffractive Security Foils to High Security Holograms
6.3.12 Case Study - Authentication of Victorinox Swiss Army Fragrance (VSAF)
6.3.13 Multi-Feature Label Devices
6.3.14 Glass Bottles - Economics and Dynamics of Manufacture can have a significant impact on the relative Difficulty of Counterfeiting
6.3.15 Packaging Formats used for Make-up
6.3.16 Metal Foil Based FinishesFinishes – Hot Foil Stamping, Cold Foiling, Holographic Effects
6.3.17 Knock-Off Fragrances and How to Spot Them
6.3.18 Knock-off Cosmetics and Make-up products and How to spot them
7. ON-LINE (INTERNET) - THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION – LUXURY PRODUCTS
7.1 On-line (Internet) - Threats & Crimes - Luxury Products
7.1.1 Attractions of the Internet for Counterfeiters
7.1.2 Major types of ‘on-line’ branded product related crime - A new vocabulary has been emerging
7.1.3 Case Study - An example of an unauthorised website dedicated to selling low price replica / counterfeit watches, jewellery and pens - ‘Prestige Replicas’
7.1.4 Case Study - An example of an unauthorised website dedicated to selling low price replica / counterfeit Sunglasses – Chinawholesalesunglasses.com
7.1.5 Case Study - An example of an unauthorised website dedicated to selling low price replica / counterfeit Louis Vuitton leather goods
7.1.6 Case Study - One Person’s Experiences Gained by ‘Knowingly’ Buying Counterfeit Rolex Watches On-Line
7.2 On-line (Internet) - Brand Protection – Luxury Products
7.2.1 Brand protection services to combat on-line threats to brands
7.2.2 A Growing Number of Legal Actions - On-line Auction Sites versus Luxury Goods Brand Owners
7.2.3 Case Study - Tiffany & Co, US demands reappraisal of eBay counterfeit decision in US Law Courts
7.2.4 Case Study - Montres Rolex SA wins case against eBay in German Courts
7.2.5 Case Study - LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy), France vs. eBay
7.2.6 Case Study - Hermès International, France vs. eBay
7.2.7 Case Study - L'Oreal sues eBay over counterfeit goods
7.2.8 The eBay VeRO (Verified Rights Owner) Programme
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I Notes on Legal Argument ‘Exhaustion of Rights’
APPENDIX II Links with Organised Crime & the Financing of Terror Groups
AUTHOR PROFILES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Scope of Report
Market characteristics - Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Luxury Brands
Leading Luxury Brand Owners and Brands
Routes to market - Luxury Products & Beauty Products – Approved and unapproved
Counterfeiting and other product related crimes
Main Problem Areas - Luxury Products & Beauty Products
Table Main Problem Areas - Jewelry, Watches, Sunglasses, Leather Products / Baggage
Table Main Problem Areas - Beauty Products - Perfumes & Colognes, Cosmetics & Make-up
Brand Protection for Luxury Goods - A layered approach to authentication
Brand Protection Technologies – Jewelry
Brand Protection Technologies – Watches
Brand Protection Technologies – Sunglasses
Brand Protection technologies - Leather Products / baggage
Brand Protection Technologies - Perfumes & Colognes
Brand Protection Technologies - Cosmetics & Make-up
Areas of Opportunity in Luxury Products & Beauty Products for Providers of Brand Protection Solutions
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Driving Forces behind product related crime
1.2 Knowingly / Unwittingly – Consumer Behaviour and the Purchase of Counterfeit products
1.3 Digital Fakes - Second Generation counterfeits – A whole new World
1.3.1 Case Study - Reverse Engineering of Watches with Digital Technology
1.4 Summary Overview – Luxury & Beauty Products
1.4.1 Table Security risks - Luxury & Beauty Products
1.4.2 Table Countermeasures – Luxury & Beauty Products
2. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION – LUXURY PRODUCTS
2.1 Traditional Routes to Market / On-line (internet) - Threats & Crimes
2.2 Types of Product Related Crime
2.2.1 Product Counterfeiting and Piracy - Copy and Look-alike Products
2.2.2 Retail and Supply Chain Theft
2.2.3 Returns Fraud - Warranty Abuse
2.2.4 Diversion of Products from approved supply chains / distribution channels - Parallel Trading, Grey Markets and Diversion, Unauthorised Distribution, Back Door Trading and Over-runs
2.2.5 The Unauthorised ‘Run On’ of Production – A Special Case
2.3 The Need for a ‘Holistic’ Approach
2.4 Three Steps to brand protection / authentication / counterfeit deterrence
2.5 The Need for multiple levels of security
2.6 The Three Levels of Defense – Means of Product Authentication - Categorisation of Brand Protection Technologies
2.7 On-packaging / On-product Security Features
3. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION – JEWELRY & WATCHES
3.1 Market Overview – Jewelry & Watches
3.2 Threats & Crimes - Jewelry & Watches
3.2.1 Case Study - Three people plead guilty to importing, selling fake Jewelry in the US
3.2.2 Case Study - Potentially Harmful Counterfeit Tiffany Jewelry on sale in the United Kingdom
3.3.3 Case Study - Counterfeiting is not limited to top of the range luxury watch brands – Fake Pokemon Novelty Watches
3.3 Brand Protection - Jewelry & Watches
3.3.1 Brand Protection Technologies – Jewelry
3.3.2 Brand Protection Technologies – Watches
3.3.3 Case Study - Fossil Inc. / Orbid Corp. – On-product Marking with Proprietary Laser Codes - Brand Protection of Watches
3.3.4 Case Study - Securitrace Stacked Colour Nano-taggant Technology – Potential Applications for Replacement Parts for Watches as well as Original Parts
3.3.5 Case Study - AlpVision System for Brand Protection of Watches
3.3.6 Case Study - BrandAuthen Nano-technology Anti-Counterfeiting Solution
3.3.7 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology as a Tool for Brand Protection of Jewelry – Manufacture / Supply Chain / Retail
3.3.8 Case Study - de Grisogono – An RFID based Jewelry Inventory Solution from Tagsys RFID
3.3.9 Case Study - An RFID solution for Jewelry Protection – HID Global / Sokymat partners with Dubai Jewelry Store
3.3.10 Case Study - Authentication of Hublot Watches - WISeKey’s WISeAuthentic® smart card certification system
3.3.11 Case Study - Alok Kapoor – APK Identification – A Novel Approach to RFID Tagging Plastic Moulded Watches - Wrist bands or Cases
3.3.12 Case Study - A Shop Window Warning about Returns Fraud - Tag Heuer do not sell Watches via the Internet
3.3.13 Case Study - Security Taggants placed in the Fissure of a Gemstone
3.3.14 Some Guidelines for Identifying Counterfeit Tiffany Jewelry
3.3.15 Some Guidelines for Identifying a Counterfeit Rolex Watch
4. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION - SUNGLASSES
4.1 Market Overview - Sunglasses
4.1.1 Top Eyewear Manufacturers Worldwide
4.1.2 Leading Companies and Brands – Sunglasses
4.1.3 Designer Sunglasses – A Global Marketing Phenomenon
4.1.4 Types of Sunglasses
4.2 Threats & Crimes - Sunglasses
4.2.1 The Problem with Fake Sunglasses - Potential dangers to human health associated with counterfeit sunglasses
4.2.2 Case Study - Los Angeles CBP Seizes more than $18 Million in Counterfeit Sunglasses in one month in 2010
4.2.3 Case Study - Florida Man Suffers Eye Damage Trying on Counterfeit Sunglasses
4.2.4 Case Study - An Example of Unfair Foreign Trade Practices: Eyewear
4.2.5 Regional Trends - Guangzhou Hub for counterfeit Eyewear in China
4.3 Brand Protection - Sunglasses
4.3.1 Brand Protection Technologies – Sunglasses
4.3.2 How to Spot Fake Sunglasses
4.3.3 Some Guidelines for Identifying Counterfeit Ray-Ban sunglasses and brand protection features on genuine versions
5. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION - LEATHER PRODUCTS / BAGGAGE
5.1 Market Overview – Leather Products / Baggage
5.2 Threats & Crimes – Leather Products / Baggage
5.2.1 Exclusivity – A key feature of genuine Luxury Products – Diluted by counterfeiting
5.3 Brand Protection – Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.1 Brand Protection technologies - Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.2 Case Study - Anti-counterfeit Label for Cartier Product with Uniquely Identifiable Hologram – Hologram Industries France
5.3.3 Cash’s Woven and Self-adhesive Brand Protection Labels
5.3.4 Case Study - Woven Labels with Integrated RFID and / or EAS Tags
5.3.5 Hang Tags (aka Swing Tickets) - Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.6 Case Study - Polarisation Films Used as a Means of Authentication in the Clothing Industry could be successfully adapted for Leather Goods Products
5.3.7 Case Study - Crystal-Lit Polarisation Filter Images Authentication Devices
5.3.8 Case Study - Brand Protection Tags for Footwear that could be adapted for Leather Products
5.3.9 The Potential of RFID technology for Brand Protection – Leather Products / Baggage
5.3.10 Retail Theft and EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance) Tags / Labels
5.3.11 Case Study - Combined RFID and EAS Tags - EVOLVE Item Level Tag – A Development from Checkpoint
5.3.12 Case Study - Leather Products Protected against Counterfeiting and Diversion – A Brand Protection Solution from AlpVision
5.3.13 Case Study - Designer ‘Coach’ fights to protect against counterfeit versions of their branded hand bags and accessories in the US
5.3.14 Case Study - Brent Borough Council versus Alami International Limited - Confiscation Order of counterfeit goods
5.3.15 Case Study - Wal-Mart compensate Fendi for selling counterfeit products in their stores
5.3.16 Case Study - Purse Counterfeiting Ring in Oregon Busted
5.3.17 Identifying a Counterfeit Handbag
6. THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION - BEAUTY PRODUCTS
6.1 Market Overview – Beauty Products
6.2 Threats & Crimes – Beauty Products
6.2.1 Human Health Hazards – Counterfeit Beauty Products
6.2.2 Counterfeit Beauty Products in North America
6.2.3 Counterfeit Beauty Products in the United Kingdom
6.2.4 Counterfeit Beauty Products in Asia
6.2.5 Counterfeit Beauty Products in Africa
6.2.6 Counterfeit Beauty Products in the Middle East
6.3 Brand Protection – Beauty Products
6.3.1 Brand Protection Technologies - Perfumes & Colognes
6.3.2 Brand Protection Technologies - Cosmetics & Make-up
6.3.3 Sophisticated and Innovative Brand Enhancing Packaging which can be Inherently Difficult to Counterfeit becomes effectively an Additional Security Feature in the Fight Against Counterfeiting in the Beauty Products Sector
6.3.4 When does an innovative and sophisticated hard-to-copy packaging feature become a Security Feature?
6.3.5 Developments in Security Labels and Materials
6.3.6 Security Label Substrates
6.3.7 Security Tear Tapes / Tear Strips
6.3.8 Case Study - ‘Fracture Code’ - Tamper evident feature for packaging from Payne Security of the United Kingdom
6.3.9 An Example of a Holographic Tear Tape
6.3.10 Case Study - Unique Bespoke Watermark Devices are Difficult to counterfeit
6.3.11 Security Holograms – From Optically Diffractive Security Foils to High Security Holograms
6.3.12 Case Study - Authentication of Victorinox Swiss Army Fragrance (VSAF)
6.3.13 Multi-Feature Label Devices
6.3.14 Glass Bottles - Economics and Dynamics of Manufacture can have a significant impact on the relative Difficulty of Counterfeiting
6.3.15 Packaging Formats used for Make-up
6.3.16 Metal Foil Based FinishesFinishes – Hot Foil Stamping, Cold Foiling, Holographic Effects
6.3.17 Knock-Off Fragrances and How to Spot Them
6.3.18 Knock-off Cosmetics and Make-up products and How to spot them
7. ON-LINE (INTERNET) - THREATS & CRIMES / BRAND PROTECTION – LUXURY PRODUCTS
7.1 On-line (Internet) - Threats & Crimes - Luxury Products
7.1.1 Attractions of the Internet for Counterfeiters
7.1.2 Major types of ‘on-line’ branded product related crime - A new vocabulary has been emerging
7.1.3 Case Study - An example of an unauthorised website dedicated to selling low price replica / counterfeit watches, jewellery and pens - ‘Prestige Replicas’
7.1.4 Case Study - An example of an unauthorised website dedicated to selling low price replica / counterfeit Sunglasses – Chinawholesalesunglasses.com
7.1.5 Case Study - An example of an unauthorised website dedicated to selling low price replica / counterfeit Louis Vuitton leather goods
7.1.6 Case Study - One Person’s Experiences Gained by ‘Knowingly’ Buying Counterfeit Rolex Watches On-Line
7.2 On-line (Internet) - Brand Protection – Luxury Products
7.2.1 Brand protection services to combat on-line threats to brands
7.2.2 A Growing Number of Legal Actions - On-line Auction Sites versus Luxury Goods Brand Owners
7.2.3 Case Study - Tiffany & Co, US demands reappraisal of eBay counterfeit decision in US Law Courts
7.2.4 Case Study - Montres Rolex SA wins case against eBay in German Courts
7.2.5 Case Study - LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy), France vs. eBay
7.2.6 Case Study - Hermès International, France vs. eBay
7.2.7 Case Study - L'Oreal sues eBay over counterfeit goods
7.2.8 The eBay VeRO (Verified Rights Owner) Programme
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I Notes on Legal Argument ‘Exhaustion of Rights’
APPENDIX II Links with Organised Crime & the Financing of Terror Groups
AUTHOR PROFILES
ABOUT VANDAGRAF INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
OTHER REPORTS FROM VANDAGRAF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
OTHER REPORTS FROM VANDAGRAF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
