Volleyball Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2021-2027

March 2021 | 92 pages | ID: V540433D5DE3EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Volleyball in global, including the following market information:

Global Volleyball Market Revenue, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, ($ millions)

Global Volleyball Market Sales, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, (K Units)

Global top five Volleyball companies in 2020 (%)

The global Volleyball market was valued at 281.3 million in 2020 and is projected to reach US$ 292.2 million by 2027, at a CAGR of 1.0% during the forecast period.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Volleyball manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Volleyball Market, By Type, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Volleyball Market Segment Percentages, By Type, 2020 (%)

• PU Surface Volleyball
• PVC Surface Volleyball
• Rubber Surface Volleyball
• Other Surface Volleyball

Global Volleyball Market, By Application, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Volleyball Market Segment Percentages, By Application, 2020 (%)

• Competition
• Training
• Recreational Activities
• Other

Global Volleyball Market, By Region and Country, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Volleyball Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2020 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Volleyball revenues in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Volleyball revenues share in global market, 2020 (%)

Key companies Volleyball sales in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Volleyball sales share in global market, 2020 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Mikasa
• Molten
• Tachikara
• Wilson
• Spalding
• STAR
• Under Armour
• Baden
• Lanhua
• LeeSheng
• Train
• Li-Ning

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Volleyball Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Volleyball Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL VOLLEYBALL OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Volleyball Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 Global Volleyball Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 Global Volleyball Sales (Consumption): 2016-2027

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Volleyball Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Volleyball Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Volleyball Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Volleyball Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Volleyball Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Volleyball Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Global Manufacturers Volleyball Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Volleyball Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Volleyball Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Volleyball Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Volleyball Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
  4.1.2 PU Surface Volleyball
  4.1.3 PVC Surface Volleyball
  4.1.4 Rubber Surface Volleyball
  4.1.5 Other Surface Volleyball
4.2 By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2021
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue, 2022-2027
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - Global Volleyball Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Volleyball Sales, 2016-2021
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Volleyball Sales, 2022-2027
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - Global Volleyball Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Volleyball Market Size, 2021 & 2027
  5.1.2 Competition
  5.1.3 Training
  5.1.4 Recreational Activities
  5.1.5 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2021
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue, 2022-2027
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - Global Volleyball Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Volleyball Sales, 2016-2021
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Volleyball Sales, 2022-2027
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - Global Volleyball Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Volleyball Market Size, 2021 & 2027
6.2 By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2021
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue, 2022-2027
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
6.3 By Region - Global Volleyball Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Volleyball Sales, 2016-2021
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Volleyball Sales, 2022-2027
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Volleyball Sales, 2016-2027
  6.4.3 US Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.4.4 Canada Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.4.5 Mexico Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Volleyball Sales, 2016-2027
  6.5.3 Germany Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.4 France Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.5 U.K. Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.6 Italy Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.7 Russia Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.9 Benelux Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Volleyball Sales, 2016-2027
  6.6.3 China Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.4 Japan Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.5 South Korea Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.7 India Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Volleyball Sales, 2016-2027
  6.7.3 Brazil Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.7.4 Argentina Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Sales, 2016-2027
  6.8.3 Turkey Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.4 Israel Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.6 UAE Volleyball Market Size, 2016-2027

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Mikasa
  7.1.1 Mikasa Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Mikasa Business Overview
  7.1.3 Mikasa Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Mikasa Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.1.5 Mikasa Key News
7.2 Molten
  7.2.1 Molten Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Molten Business Overview
  7.2.3 Molten Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Molten Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.2.5 Molten Key News
7.3 Tachikara
  7.3.1 Tachikara Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Tachikara Business Overview
  7.3.3 Tachikara Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Tachikara Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.3.5 Tachikara Key News
7.4 Wilson
  7.4.1 Wilson Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Wilson Business Overview
  7.4.3 Wilson Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Wilson Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.4.5 Wilson Key News
7.5 Spalding
  7.5.1 Spalding Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Spalding Business Overview
  7.5.3 Spalding Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Spalding Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.5.5 Spalding Key News
7.6 STAR
  7.6.1 STAR Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 STAR Business Overview
  7.6.3 STAR Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 STAR Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.6.5 STAR Key News
7.7 Under Armour
  7.7.1 Under Armour Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Under Armour Business Overview
  7.7.3 Under Armour Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Under Armour Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.7.5 Under Armour Key News
7.8 Baden
  7.8.1 Baden Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 Baden Business Overview
  7.8.3 Baden Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 Baden Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.8.5 Baden Key News
7.9 Lanhua
  7.9.1 Lanhua Corporate Summary
  7.9.2 Lanhua Business Overview
  7.9.3 Lanhua Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.9.4 Lanhua Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.9.5 Lanhua Key News
7.10 LeeSheng
  7.10.1 LeeSheng Corporate Summary
  7.10.2 LeeSheng Business Overview
  7.10.3 LeeSheng Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.10.4 LeeSheng Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.10.5 LeeSheng Key News
7.11 Train
  7.11.1 Train Corporate Summary
  7.11.2 Train Volleyball Business Overview
  7.11.3 Train Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.11.4 Train Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.11.5 Train Key News
7.12 Li-Ning
  7.12.1 Li-Ning Corporate Summary
  7.12.2 Li-Ning Volleyball Business Overview
  7.12.3 Li-Ning Volleyball Major Product Offerings
  7.12.4 Li-Ning Volleyball Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.12.5 Li-Ning Key News

8 GLOBAL VOLLEYBALL PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Volleyball Production Capacity, 2016-2027
8.2 Volleyball Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Volleyball Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 VOLLEYBALL SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Volleyball Industry Value Chain
10.2 Volleyball Upstream Market
10.3 Volleyball Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Volleyball Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Volleyball in Global Market
Table 2. Top Volleyball Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. Global Volleyball Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. Global Volleyball Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. Global Volleyball Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 6. Global Volleyball Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Volleyball Price (2016-2021) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Volleyball Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Volleyball Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Volleyball Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 12. By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 13. By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 14. By Type - Global Volleyball Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - Global Volleyball Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Application – Global Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 17. By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 18. By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 19. By Application - Global Volleyball Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - Global Volleyball Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Region – Global Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 22. By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 23. By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 24. By Region - Global Volleyball Sales (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 25. By Region - Global Volleyball Sales (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 26. By Country - North America Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 27. By Country - North America Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 28. By Country - North America Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 29. By Country - North America Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 30. By Country - Europe Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 31. By Country - Europe Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 32. By Country - Europe Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 33. By Country - Europe Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 34. By Region - Asia Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 35. By Region - Asia Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 36. By Region - Asia Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 37. By Region - Asia Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 38. By Country - South America Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 39. By Country - South America Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 40. By Country - South America Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 41. By Country - South America Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2016-2021
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Sales, (K Units), 2022-2027
Table 46. Mikasa Corporate Summary
Table 47. Mikasa Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 48. Mikasa Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 49. Molten Corporate Summary
Table 50. Molten Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 51. Molten Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 52. Tachikara Corporate Summary
Table 53. Tachikara Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 54. Tachikara Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 55. Wilson Corporate Summary
Table 56. Wilson Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 57. Wilson Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 58. Spalding Corporate Summary
Table 59. Spalding Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 60. Spalding Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 61. STAR Corporate Summary
Table 62. STAR Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 63. STAR Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 64. Under Armour Corporate Summary
Table 65. Under Armour Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 66. Under Armour Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 67. Baden Corporate Summary
Table 68. Baden Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 69. Baden Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 70. Lanhua Corporate Summary
Table 71. Lanhua Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 72. Lanhua Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 73. LeeSheng Corporate Summary
Table 74. LeeSheng Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 75. LeeSheng Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 76. Train Corporate Summary
Table 77. Train Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 78. Train Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 79. Li-Ning Corporate Summary
Table 80. Li-Ning Volleyball Product Offerings
Table 81. Li-Ning Volleyball Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2016-2021)
Table 82. Volleyball Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2019-2021 (K Units)
Table 83. Global Volleyball Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 84. Global Volleyball Production by Region, 2016-2021 (K Units)
Table 85. Global Volleyball Production by Region, 2022-2027 (K Units)
Table 86. Volleyball Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 87. Volleyball Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 88. Volleyball Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 89. Volleyball Raw Materials
Table 90. Volleyball Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 91. Typical Volleyball Downstream
Table 92. Volleyball Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 93. Volleyball Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Volleyball Segment by Type
Figure 2. Volleyball Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Volleyball Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Volleyball Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Volleyball Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Volleyball Sales in Global Market: 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Volleyball Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. By Type - Global Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 10. By Type - Global Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 11. By Type - Global Volleyball Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 12. By Application - Global Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 13. By Application - Global Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 14. By Application - Global Volleyball Price (USD/Unit), 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Region - Global Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 16. By Region - Global Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 17. By Country - North America Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 18. By Country - North America Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 19. US Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 20. Canada Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 21. Mexico Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 24. Germany Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 25. France Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 26. U.K. Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 27. Italy Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 28. Russia Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 30. Benelux Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 33. China Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 34. Japan Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 35. South Korea Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 37. India Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 38. By Country - South America Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 39. By Country - South America Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 40. Brazil Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 41. Argentina Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Volleyball Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 44. Turkey Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 45. Israel Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 47. UAE Volleyball Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 48. Global Volleyball Production Capacity (K Units), 2016-2027
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Volleyball by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Volleyball Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels