Tub Washing Machines Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

August 2022 | 72 pages | ID: T2D92CADCD0BEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Tub Washing Machines in global, including the following market information:

Global Tub Washing Machines Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Tub Washing Machines Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Tub Washing Machines companies in 2021 (%)

The global Tub Washing Machines market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Twin Tub Washing Machines Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Tub Washing Machines include Whirlpool, Electrolux, Mabe, Dongbu Daewoo Electronics, LG, Samsung and Bosch, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Tub Washing Machines manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Tub Washing Machines Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Tub Washing Machines Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Twin Tub Washing Machines
• Single Tub Washing Machines

Global Tub Washing Machines Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Tub Washing Machines Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Residential
• Commercial
• Others

Global Tub Washing Machines Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Tub Washing Machines Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Tub Washing Machines revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Tub Washing Machines revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Tub Washing Machines sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Tub Washing Machines sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Whirlpool
• Electrolux
• Mabe
• Dongbu Daewoo Electronics
• LG
• Samsung
• Bosch

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Tub Washing Machines Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Tub Washing Machines Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL TUB WASHING MACHINES OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Tub Washing Machines Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Tub Washing Machines Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Tub Washing Machines Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Tub Washing Machines Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Tub Washing Machines Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Tub Washing Machines Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Tub Washing Machines Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Tub Washing Machines Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Tub Washing Machines Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Tub Washing Machines Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Tub Washing Machines Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Twin Tub Washing Machines
  4.1.3 Single Tub Washing Machines
4.2 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Residential
  5.1.3 Commercial
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Tub Washing Machines Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Whirlpool
  7.1.1 Whirlpool Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Whirlpool Business Overview
  7.1.3 Whirlpool Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Whirlpool Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Whirlpool Key News
7.2 Electrolux
  7.2.1 Electrolux Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Electrolux Business Overview
  7.2.3 Electrolux Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Electrolux Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Electrolux Key News
7.3 Mabe
  7.3.1 Mabe Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Mabe Business Overview
  7.3.3 Mabe Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Mabe Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Mabe Key News
7.4 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics
  7.4.1 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Business Overview
  7.4.3 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Key News
7.5 LG
  7.5.1 LG Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 LG Business Overview
  7.5.3 LG Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 LG Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 LG Key News
7.6 Samsung
  7.6.1 Samsung Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Samsung Business Overview
  7.6.3 Samsung Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Samsung Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Samsung Key News
7.7 Bosch
  7.7.1 Bosch Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Bosch Business Overview
  7.7.3 Bosch Tub Washing Machines Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Bosch Tub Washing Machines Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Bosch Key News

8 GLOBAL TUB WASHING MACHINES PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Tub Washing Machines Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Tub Washing Machines Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Tub Washing Machines Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 TUB WASHING MACHINES SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Tub Washing Machines Industry Value Chain
10.2 Tub Washing Machines Upstream Market
10.3 Tub Washing Machines Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Tub Washing Machines Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Tub Washing Machines in Global Market
Table 2. Top Tub Washing Machines Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Tub Washing Machines Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Tub Washing Machines Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Tub Washing Machines Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Tub Washing Machines Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Tub Washing Machines Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Whirlpool Corporate Summary
Table 47. Whirlpool Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 48. Whirlpool Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Electrolux Corporate Summary
Table 50. Electrolux Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 51. Electrolux Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Mabe Corporate Summary
Table 53. Mabe Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 54. Mabe Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Corporate Summary
Table 56. Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 57. Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. LG Corporate Summary
Table 59. LG Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 60. LG Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Samsung Corporate Summary
Table 62. Samsung Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 63. Samsung Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Bosch Corporate Summary
Table 65. Bosch Tub Washing Machines Product Offerings
Table 66. Bosch Tub Washing Machines Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Tub Washing Machines Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 68. Global Tub Washing Machines Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 69. Global Tub Washing Machines Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 70. Global Tub Washing Machines Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 71. Tub Washing Machines Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Tub Washing Machines Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Tub Washing Machines Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Tub Washing Machines Raw Materials
Table 75. Tub Washing Machines Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Tub Washing Machines Downstream
Table 77. Tub Washing Machines Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Tub Washing Machines Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Tub Washing Machines Segment by Type
Figure 2. Tub Washing Machines Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Tub Washing Machines Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Tub Washing Machines Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Tub Washing Machines Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Tub Washing Machines Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Tub Washing Machines Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Tub Washing Machines Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Tub Washing Machines Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Tub Washing Machines Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Tub Washing Machines Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Tub Washing Machines by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Tub Washing Machines Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels