Pre Workout Drink Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

August 2022 | 76 pages | ID: P46C716B026AEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Pre Workout Drink in global, including the following market information:

Global Pre Workout Drink Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Pre Workout Drink Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Units)

Global top five Pre Workout Drink companies in 2021 (%)

The global Pre Workout Drink market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Liquid Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Pre Workout Drink include Transparent Labs, MyProtein, Kaged Muscle, Optimum Nutrition, NutraBio Supplements, Powher and Garden of Life, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Pre Workout Drink manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Pre Workout Drink Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Units)

Global Pre Workout Drink Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Liquid
• Powder

Global Pre Workout Drink Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Units)

Global Pre Workout Drink Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Men
• Women

Global Pre Workout Drink Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Units)

Global Pre Workout Drink Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Pre Workout Drink revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Pre Workout Drink revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Pre Workout Drink sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Units)

Key companies Pre Workout Drink sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Transparent Labs
• MyProtein
• Kaged Muscle
• Optimum Nutrition
• NutraBio Supplements
• Powher
• Garden of Life

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Pre Workout Drink Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Pre Workout Drink Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL PRE WORKOUT DRINK OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Pre Workout Drink Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Pre Workout Drink Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Pre Workout Drink Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Pre Workout Drink Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Pre Workout Drink Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Pre Workout Drink Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Pre Workout Drink Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Pre Workout Drink Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pre Workout Drink Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Pre Workout Drink Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pre Workout Drink Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Liquid
  4.1.3 Powder
4.2 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Men
  5.1.3 Women
5.2 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Pre Workout Drink Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Transparent Labs
  7.1.1 Transparent Labs Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Transparent Labs Business Overview
  7.1.3 Transparent Labs Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Transparent Labs Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Transparent Labs Key News
7.2 MyProtein
  7.2.1 MyProtein Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 MyProtein Business Overview
  7.2.3 MyProtein Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 MyProtein Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 MyProtein Key News
7.3 Kaged Muscle
  7.3.1 Kaged Muscle Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Kaged Muscle Business Overview
  7.3.3 Kaged Muscle Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Kaged Muscle Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Kaged Muscle Key News
7.4 Optimum Nutrition
  7.4.1 Optimum Nutrition Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Optimum Nutrition Business Overview
  7.4.3 Optimum Nutrition Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Optimum Nutrition Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Optimum Nutrition Key News
7.5 NutraBio Supplements
  7.5.1 NutraBio Supplements Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 NutraBio Supplements Business Overview
  7.5.3 NutraBio Supplements Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 NutraBio Supplements Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 NutraBio Supplements Key News
7.6 Powher
  7.6.1 Powher Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Powher Business Overview
  7.6.3 Powher Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Powher Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Powher Key News
7.7 Garden of Life
  7.7.1 Garden of Life Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Garden of Life Business Overview
  7.7.3 Garden of Life Pre Workout Drink Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Garden of Life Pre Workout Drink Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Garden of Life Key News

8 GLOBAL PRE WORKOUT DRINK PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Pre Workout Drink Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Pre Workout Drink Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Pre Workout Drink Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 PRE WORKOUT DRINK SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Pre Workout Drink Industry Value Chain
10.2 Pre Workout Drink Upstream Market
10.3 Pre Workout Drink Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Pre Workout Drink Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Pre Workout Drink in Global Market
Table 2. Top Pre Workout Drink Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Pre Workout Drink Sales by Companies, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Pre Workout Drink Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Pre Workout Drink Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Pre Workout Drink Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pre Workout Drink Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Sales, (Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Transparent Labs Corporate Summary
Table 47. Transparent Labs Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 48. Transparent Labs Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. MyProtein Corporate Summary
Table 50. MyProtein Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 51. MyProtein Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Kaged Muscle Corporate Summary
Table 53. Kaged Muscle Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 54. Kaged Muscle Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Optimum Nutrition Corporate Summary
Table 56. Optimum Nutrition Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 57. Optimum Nutrition Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. NutraBio Supplements Corporate Summary
Table 59. NutraBio Supplements Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 60. NutraBio Supplements Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Powher Corporate Summary
Table 62. Powher Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 63. Powher Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Garden of Life Corporate Summary
Table 65. Garden of Life Pre Workout Drink Product Offerings
Table 66. Garden of Life Pre Workout Drink Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Pre Workout Drink Production Capacity (Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Units)
Table 68. Global Pre Workout Drink Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 69. Global Pre Workout Drink Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Units)
Table 70. Global Pre Workout Drink Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Units)
Table 71. Pre Workout Drink Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Pre Workout Drink Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Pre Workout Drink Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Pre Workout Drink Raw Materials
Table 75. Pre Workout Drink Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Pre Workout Drink Downstream
Table 77. Pre Workout Drink Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Pre Workout Drink Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Pre Workout Drink Segment by Type
Figure 2. Pre Workout Drink Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Pre Workout Drink Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Pre Workout Drink Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Pre Workout Drink Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Pre Workout Drink Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Pre Workout Drink Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Pre Workout Drink Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pre Workout Drink Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Pre Workout Drink Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Pre Workout Drink Production Capacity (Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Pre Workout Drink by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Pre Workout Drink Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels