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Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Analysis and Forecast 2024-2030

April 2024 | 130 pages | ID: G92BB6F4BB11EN
APO Research

US$ 4,950.00

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Electronic Shelf Label, also known by the acronym ESL. It is the latest solution for inventory and price management in the retail sector, based on the use of advanced IT technology. ESL replaces conventional paper price tags attached to the shelves of supermarkets and department stores with, for example, LCDs and electronic paper (E-paper) that show information on product price, sales promotions, etc.

ESL takes advantage of Zigbee, a low-power wireless communication technology, to keep product prices updated in real time. ESL consists of an e-paper equipped tag and gateway which delivers product information. The central server transmits information of each product to the gateway, which in turn sends such information to thousands of tags at the same time.

An electronic shelf label includes a transceiver configured to communicate with a plurality of wireless data tags associated with a plurality of retail products.

According to APO Research, The global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2030, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.

Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) key players include BOE (SES-imagotag), Pricer, SoluM, E Ink, etc. Global top four manufacturers hold a share over 65%.

Europe is the largest market, with a share about 55%, followed by Asia-Pacific and North America, both have a share about 40 percent.

In terms of product, E papers Displays is the largest segment, with a share over 80%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Department Stores/Mass Merchandise, followed by Grocery/Supermarket, Drug Stores, etc.

This report presents an overview of global market for Electronic Shelf Label (ESL), sales, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2019 - 2023, estimates for 2024, and projections of CAGR through 2030.

This report researches the key producers of Electronic Shelf Label (ESL), also provides the sales of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Electronic Shelf Label (ESL), and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2019 to 2024. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2019 to 2030. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.

Descriptive company profiles of the major global players, including BOE (SES-imagotag), Pricer, SoluM, E Ink, Displaydata, Opticon Sensors Europe B.V, DIGI, Hanshow and LG innotek, etc.

Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) segment by Company
  • BOE (SES-imagotag)
  • Pricer
  • SoluM
  • E Ink
  • Displaydata
  • Opticon Sensors Europe B.V
  • DIGI
  • Hanshow
  • LG innotek
  • Panasonic
  • Altierre
Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) segment by Type
  • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Displays
  • E-Paper Displays
Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) segment by Application
  • Department Stores/Mass Merchandise
  • Grocery/Supermarket
  • Drug Stores
  • Specialty Stores
  • Others
Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) segment by Region
  • North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • India
  • Australia
  • China Taiwan
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • Malaysia
  • Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.

2. To present the key manufacturers, sales, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.

3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.

4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.

5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.

6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in sales and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Electronic Shelf Label (ESL).

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by type and by application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.

Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 3: Sales (consumption), revenue of Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) in global, regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.

Chapter 4: Detailed analysis of Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) sales, revenue, price, gross margin, and recent development, etc.

Chapter 8: North America (US & Canada) by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.

Chapter 9: Europe by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.

Chapter 10: China type, by application, sales, and revenue for each segment.

Chapter 11: Asia (excluding China) type, by application and by region, sales, and revenue for each segment.

Chapter 12: Middle East, Africa, and Latin America type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.

Chapter 13: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors and customers.

Chapter 14: The main concluding insights of the report.

Chapter 14: The main concluding insights of the report.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market by Type
  1.2.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  1.2.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Displays
  1.2.3 E-Paper Displays
1.3 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market by Application
  1.3.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  1.3.2 Department Stores/Mass Merchandise
  1.3.3 Grocery/Supermarket
  1.3.4 Drug Stores
  1.3.5 Specialty Stores
  1.3.6 Others
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Goals and Objectives

2 ELECTRONIC SHELF LABEL (ESL) MARKET DYNAMICS

2.1 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Industry Trends
2.2 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Industry Drivers
2.3 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Industry Restraints

3 GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH PROSPECTS

3.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Region
  3.2.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  3.2.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
  3.2.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Region (2025-2030)
  3.2.4 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
3.4 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Region
  3.4.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  3.4.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Region (2019-2024)
  3.4.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Region (2025-2030)
  3.4.4 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3.5 US & Canada
3.6 Europe
3.7 China
3.8 Asia (Excluding China)
3.9 Middle East, Africa and Latin America

4 MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE BY MANUFACTURERS

4.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Manufacturers
  4.1.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
  4.1.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
  4.1.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2023
4.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Manufacturers
  4.2.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
  4.2.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
  4.2.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2023
4.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
4.4 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
4.5 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
4.6 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
4.7 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Manufacturers Commercialization Time
4.8 Market Competitive Analysis
  4.8.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market CR5 and HHI
  4.8.2 2023 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier

5 ELECTRONIC SHELF LABEL (ESL) MARKET BY TYPE

5.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type
  5.1.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  5.1.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
  5.1.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type
  5.2.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  5.2.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019-2030) & (K Units)
  5.2.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Type

6 ELECTRONIC SHELF LABEL (ESL) MARKET BY APPLICATION

6.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application
  6.1.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  6.1.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
  6.1.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application
  6.2.1 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  6.2.2 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019-2030) & (K Units)
  6.2.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Application

7 COMPANY PROFILES

7.1 BOE (SES-imagotag)
  7.1.1 BOE (SES-imagotag) Comapny Information
  7.1.2 BOE (SES-imagotag) Business Overview
  7.1.3 BOE (SES-imagotag) Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.1.4 BOE (SES-imagotag) Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.1.5 BOE (SES-imagotag) Recent Developments
7.2 Pricer
  7.2.1 Pricer Comapny Information
  7.2.2 Pricer Business Overview
  7.2.3 Pricer Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.2.4 Pricer Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.2.5 Pricer Recent Developments
7.3 SoluM
  7.3.1 SoluM Comapny Information
  7.3.2 SoluM Business Overview
  7.3.3 SoluM Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.3.4 SoluM Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.3.5 SoluM Recent Developments
7.4 E Ink
  7.4.1 E Ink Comapny Information
  7.4.2 E Ink Business Overview
  7.4.3 E Ink Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.4.4 E Ink Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.4.5 E Ink Recent Developments
7.5 Displaydata
  7.5.1 Displaydata Comapny Information
  7.5.2 Displaydata Business Overview
  7.5.3 Displaydata Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.5.4 Displaydata Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.5.5 Displaydata Recent Developments
7.6 Opticon Sensors Europe B.V
  7.6.1 Opticon Sensors Europe B.V Comapny Information
  7.6.2 Opticon Sensors Europe B.V Business Overview
  7.6.3 Opticon Sensors Europe B.V Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.6.4 Opticon Sensors Europe B.V Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.6.5 Opticon Sensors Europe B.V Recent Developments
7.7 DIGI
  7.7.1 DIGI Comapny Information
  7.7.2 DIGI Business Overview
  7.7.3 DIGI Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.7.4 DIGI Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.7.5 DIGI Recent Developments
7.8 Hanshow
  7.8.1 Hanshow Comapny Information
  7.8.2 Hanshow Business Overview
  7.8.3 Hanshow Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.8.4 Hanshow Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.8.5 Hanshow Recent Developments
7.9 LG innotek
  7.9.1 LG innotek Comapny Information
  7.9.2 LG innotek Business Overview
  7.9.3 LG innotek Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.9.4 LG innotek Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.9.5 LG innotek Recent Developments
7.10 Panasonic
  7.10.1 Panasonic Comapny Information
  7.10.2 Panasonic Business Overview
  7.10.3 Panasonic Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.10.4 Panasonic Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.10.5 Panasonic Recent Developments
7.11 Altierre
  7.11.1 Altierre Comapny Information
  7.11.2 Altierre Business Overview
  7.11.3 Altierre Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  7.11.4 Altierre Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Product Portfolio
  7.11.5 Altierre Recent Developments

8 NORTH AMERICA

8.1 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Type
  8.1.1 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
  8.1.2 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
  8.1.3 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Type (2019-2030)
8.2 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Application
  8.2.1 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
  8.2.2 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
  8.2.3 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Application (2019-2030)
8.3 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Country
  8.3.1 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  8.3.2 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  8.3.3 North America Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Country (2019-2030)
  8.3.4 U.S.
  8.3.5 Canada

9 EUROPE

9.1 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Type
  9.1.1 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
  9.1.2 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
  9.1.3 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Type (2019-2030)
9.2 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Application
  9.2.1 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
  9.2.2 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
  9.2.3 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Application (2019-2030)
9.3 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Country
  9.3.1 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  9.3.2 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  9.3.3 Europe Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Country (2019-2030)
  9.3.4 Germany
  9.3.5 France
  9.3.6 U.K.
  9.3.7 Italy
  9.3.8 Russia

10 CHINA

10.1 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Type
  10.1.1 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
  10.1.2 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
  10.1.3 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Type (2019-2030)
10.2 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Application
  10.2.1 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
  10.2.2 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
  10.2.3 China Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Application (2019-2030)

11 ASIA (EXCLUDING CHINA)

11.1 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Type
  11.1.1 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
  11.1.2 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
  11.1.3 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Type (2019-2030)
11.2 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Application
  11.2.1 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
  11.2.2 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
  11.2.3 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Application (2019-2030)
11.3 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Country
  11.3.1 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  11.3.2 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  11.3.3 Asia Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Country (2019-2030)
  11.3.4 Japan
  11.3.5 South Korea
  11.3.6 India
  11.3.7 Australia
  11.3.8 China Taiwan
  11.3.9 Southeast Asia

12 MIDDLE EAST, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA

12.1 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Type
  12.1.1 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
  12.1.2 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
  12.1.3 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Type (2019-2030)
12.2 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Application
  12.2.1 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
  12.2.2 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
  12.2.3 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Application (2019-2030)
12.3 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Market Size by Country
  12.3.1 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  12.3.2 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
  12.3.3 MEALA Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Price by Country (2019-2030)
  12.3.4 Mexico
  12.3.5 Brazil
  12.3.6 Israel
  12.3.7 Argentina
  12.3.8 Colombia
  12.3.9 Turkey
  12.3.10 Saudi Arabia
  12.3.11 UAE

13 VALUE CHAIN AND SALES CHANNELS ANALYSIS

13.1 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Value Chain Analysis
  13.1.1 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Key Raw Materials
  13.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  13.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  13.1.4 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Production Mode & Process
13.2 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Sales Channels Analysis
  13.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  13.2.2 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Distributors
  13.2.3 Electronic Shelf Label (ESL) Customers

14 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

15 APPENDIX

15.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
15.2 Research Methodology
15.3 Research Process
15.4 Authors List of This Report
15.5 Data Source
  15.5.1 Secondary Sources
  15.5.2 Primary Sources
15.6 Disclaimer


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