Biscuit Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 77 pages | ID: BEBD25DDE6F9EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Biscuit in global, including the following market information:

Global Biscuit Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Biscuit Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Biscuit companies in 2021 (%)

The global Biscuit market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Sugary Biscuit Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Biscuit include AAK, Cargill, Associated British Foods, Lesaffre, Taura Natural Ingredients, Muntons, Corbion, British Bakels and Kerry Group, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Biscuit manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Biscuit Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Biscuit Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Sugary Biscuit
• Sugar-free Biscuit

Global Biscuit Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Biscuit Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Online Sale
• Offline Retail

Global Biscuit Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Biscuit Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Biscuit revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Biscuit revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Biscuit sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Biscuit sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• AAK
• Cargill
• Associated British Foods
• Lesaffre
• Taura Natural Ingredients
• Muntons
• Corbion
• British Bakels
• Kerry Group
• Tate & Lyle
• Lallemand

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Biscuit Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Biscuit Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL BISCUIT OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Biscuit Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Biscuit Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Biscuit Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Biscuit Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Biscuit Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Biscuit Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Biscuit Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Biscuit Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Biscuit Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Biscuit Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Biscuit Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Biscuit Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Biscuit Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Biscuit Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Sugary Biscuit
  4.1.3 Sugar-free Biscuit
4.2 By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Biscuit Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Biscuit Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Biscuit Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Biscuit Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Biscuit Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Online Sale
  5.1.3 Offline Retail
5.2 By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Biscuit Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Biscuit Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Biscuit Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Biscuit Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Biscuit Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Biscuit Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Biscuit Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Biscuit Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Biscuit Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Biscuit Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Biscuit Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Biscuit Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Biscuit Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 AAK
  7.1.1 AAK Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 AAK Business Overview
  7.1.3 AAK Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 AAK Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 AAK Key News
7.2 Cargill
  7.2.1 Cargill Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Cargill Business Overview
  7.2.3 Cargill Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Cargill Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Cargill Key News
7.3 Associated British Foods
  7.3.1 Associated British Foods Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Associated British Foods Business Overview
  7.3.3 Associated British Foods Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Associated British Foods Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Associated British Foods Key News
7.4 Lesaffre
  7.4.1 Lesaffre Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Lesaffre Business Overview
  7.4.3 Lesaffre Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Lesaffre Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Lesaffre Key News
7.5 Taura Natural Ingredients
  7.5.1 Taura Natural Ingredients Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Taura Natural Ingredients Business Overview
  7.5.3 Taura Natural Ingredients Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Taura Natural Ingredients Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Taura Natural Ingredients Key News
7.6 Muntons
  7.6.1 Muntons Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Muntons Business Overview
  7.6.3 Muntons Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Muntons Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Muntons Key News
7.7 Corbion
  7.7.1 Corbion Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Corbion Business Overview
  7.7.3 Corbion Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Corbion Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Corbion Key News
7.8 British Bakels
  7.8.1 British Bakels Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 British Bakels Business Overview
  7.8.3 British Bakels Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 British Bakels Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 British Bakels Key News
7.9 Kerry Group
  7.9.1 Kerry Group Corporate Summary
  7.9.2 Kerry Group Business Overview
  7.9.3 Kerry Group Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.9.4 Kerry Group Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.9.5 Kerry Group Key News
7.10 Tate & Lyle
  7.10.1 Tate & Lyle Corporate Summary
  7.10.2 Tate & Lyle Business Overview
  7.10.3 Tate & Lyle Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.10.4 Tate & Lyle Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.10.5 Tate & Lyle Key News
7.11 Lallemand
  7.11.1 Lallemand Corporate Summary
  7.11.2 Lallemand Biscuit Business Overview
  7.11.3 Lallemand Biscuit Major Product Offerings
  7.11.4 Lallemand Biscuit Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.11.5 Lallemand Key News

8 GLOBAL BISCUIT PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Biscuit Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Biscuit Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Biscuit Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 BISCUIT SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Biscuit Industry Value Chain
10.2 Biscuit Upstream Market
10.3 Biscuit Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Biscuit Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Biscuit in Global Market
Table 2. Top Biscuit Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Biscuit Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Biscuit Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Biscuit Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Biscuit Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Biscuit Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Biscuit Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Biscuit Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Biscuit Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Biscuit Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Biscuit Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Biscuit Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Biscuit Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Biscuit Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Biscuit Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. AAK Corporate Summary
Table 47. AAK Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 48. AAK Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Cargill Corporate Summary
Table 50. Cargill Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 51. Cargill Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Associated British Foods Corporate Summary
Table 53. Associated British Foods Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 54. Associated British Foods Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Lesaffre Corporate Summary
Table 56. Lesaffre Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 57. Lesaffre Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Taura Natural Ingredients Corporate Summary
Table 59. Taura Natural Ingredients Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 60. Taura Natural Ingredients Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Muntons Corporate Summary
Table 62. Muntons Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 63. Muntons Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Corbion Corporate Summary
Table 65. Corbion Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 66. Corbion Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. British Bakels Corporate Summary
Table 68. British Bakels Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 69. British Bakels Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Kerry Group Corporate Summary
Table 71. Kerry Group Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 72. Kerry Group Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Tate & Lyle Corporate Summary
Table 74. Tate & Lyle Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 75. Tate & Lyle Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Lallemand Corporate Summary
Table 77. Lallemand Biscuit Product Offerings
Table 78. Lallemand Biscuit Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Biscuit Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 80. Global Biscuit Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 81. Global Biscuit Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 82. Global Biscuit Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 83. Biscuit Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 84. Biscuit Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 85. Biscuit Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 86. Biscuit Raw Materials
Table 87. Biscuit Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 88. Typical Biscuit Downstream
Table 89. Biscuit Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 90. Biscuit Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Biscuit Segment by Type
Figure 2. Biscuit Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Biscuit Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Biscuit Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Biscuit Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Biscuit Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Biscuit Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Biscuit Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Biscuit Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Biscuit Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Biscuit Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Biscuit Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Biscuit by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Biscuit Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels