2015-2027 Global Handwriting Pens Industry Market Research Report, Segment by Player, Type, Application, Marketing Channel, and Region

June 2020 | 124 pages | ID: 2F2D4F69AFADEN
Maia Research

Abstracts

The worldwide market for Handwriting Pens is estimated to grow at a CAGR of roughly X.X% in the next 8 years, and will reach X.X million US$ in 2027, from X.X million US$ in 2020.

The report covers market size status and forecast, value chain analysis, market segmentation of Top countries in Major Regions, such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa, by type, application and marketing channel. In addition, the report focuses on the driving factors, restraints, opportunities and PEST analysis of major regions.

Major Companies Covered
Staedtler
Sheaffer
Parker
Craft Design Technology
Cross
Aurora
LAMY
WahlEversharp
HERO
Cartire
Berol
Montegrappa
Pentel
Waterman
Montblanc

Major Types Covered
Fountain Pens
Ballpoint Pens
Other

Major Applications Covered
School
Office
Other

Top Countries Data Covered in This Report
United States
Canada
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Netherlands
Turkey
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Belgium
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Philippines
Malaysia
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Columbia
Chile
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Egypt
Nigeria
South Africa

Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2027

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of the Study
1.2 Definition of the Market
1.3 Market Scope
  1.3.1 Market Segment by Type, Application and Marketing Channel
  1.3.2 Major Regions Covered (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Mid East & Africa)
1.4 Years Considered for the Study (2015-2027)
1.5 Currency Considered (U.S. Dollar)
1.6 Stakeholders

2 KEY FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

3 MARKET DYNAMICS

3.1 Driving Factors for this Market
3.2 Factors Challenging the Market
3.3 Opportunities of the Global Handwriting Pens Market (Regions, Growing/Emerging Downstream Market Analysis)
3.4 Technological and Market Developments in the Handwriting Pens Market
3.5 Industry News by Region
3.6 Regulatory Scenario by Region/Country
3.7 Market Investment Scenario Strategic Recommendations Analysis

4 VALUE CHAIN OF THE HANDWRITING PENS MARKET

4.1 Value Chain Status
4.2 Upstream Raw Material Analysis
4.3 Midstream Major Company Analysis (by Manufacturing Base, by Product Type)
4.4 Distributors/Traders
4.5 Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region)

5 GLOBAL HANDWRITING PENS MARKET-SEGMENTATION BY TYPE

5.1 Fountain Pens
5.2 Ballpoint Pens
5.3 Other

6 GLOBAL HANDWRITING PENS MARKET-SEGMENTATION BY APPLICATION

6.1 School
6.2 Office
6.3 Other

7 GLOBAL HANDWRITING PENS MARKET-SEGMENTATION BY MARKETING CHANNEL

7.1 Traditional Marketing Channel (Offline)
7.2 Online Channel

8 COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE – COMPANY PROFILES

8.1 Staedtler
  8.1.1 Staedtler Profile
  8.1.2 Staedtler Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.1.3 Staedtler Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.1.4 Staedtler Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.2 Sheaffer
  8.2.1 Sheaffer Profile
  8.2.2 Sheaffer Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.2.3 Sheaffer Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.2.4 Sheaffer Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.3 Parker
  8.3.1 Parker Profile
  8.3.2 Parker Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.3.3 Parker Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.3.4 Parker Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.4 Craft Design Technology
  8.4.1 Craft Design Technology Profile
  8.4.2 Craft Design Technology Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.4.3 Craft Design Technology Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.4.4 Craft Design Technology Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.5 Cross
  8.5.1 Cross Profile
  8.5.2 Cross Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.5.3 Cross Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.5.4 Cross Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.6 Aurora
  8.6.1 Aurora Profile
  8.6.2 Aurora Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.6.3 Aurora Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.6.4 Aurora Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.7 LAMY
  8.7.1 LAMY Profile
  8.7.2 LAMY Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.7.3 LAMY Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.7.4 LAMY Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.8 WahlEversharp
  8.8.1 WahlEversharp Profile
  8.8.2 WahlEversharp Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.8.3 WahlEversharp Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.8.4 WahlEversharp Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.9 HERO
  8.9.1 HERO Profile
  8.9.2 HERO Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.9.3 HERO Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.9.4 HERO Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.10 Cartire
  8.10.1 Cartire Profile
  8.10.2 Cartire Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.10.3 Cartire Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.10.4 Cartire Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.11 Berol
  8.11.1 Berol Profile
  8.11.2 Berol Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.11.3 Berol Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.11.4 Berol Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.12 Montegrappa
  8.12.1 Montegrappa Profile
  8.12.2 Montegrappa Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.12.3 Montegrappa Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.12.4 Montegrappa Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.13 Pentel
  8.13.1 Pentel Profile
  8.13.2 Pentel Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.13.3 Pentel Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.13.4 Pentel Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.14 Waterman
  8.14.1 Waterman Profile
  8.14.2 Waterman Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.14.3 Waterman Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.14.4 Waterman Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions
8.15 Montblanc
  8.15.1 Montblanc Profile
  8.15.2 Montblanc Sales, Growth Rate and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
  8.15.3 Montblanc Product/Solution Launches and Enhancements Analysis
  8.15.4 Montblanc Business Overview/Recent Development/Acquisitions

9 GLOBAL HANDWRITING PENS MARKET-SEGMENTATION BY GEOGRAPHY

10 NORTH AMERICA

10.1 North America Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (%) and Gross Analysis from 2015-2020
10.2 North America Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
10.3 North America Handwriting Pens Production Analysis from 2015-2020
10.4 North America Handwriting Pens Consumption Analysis from 2015-2020
10.5 North America Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
10.6 North America Handwriting Pens Value, Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
10.7 North America Handwriting Pens Consumption, Value and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
10.8 North America Handwriting Pens by Country (United States, Canada)
  10.8.1 North America Handwriting Pens Sales by Country (2015-2020)
  10.8.2 North America Handwriting Pens Consumption Value by Country (2015-2020)
10.9 North America Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis

11 EUROPE

11.1 Europe Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (%) and Gross Analysis from 2015-2020
11.2 Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
11.3 Europe Handwriting Pens Production Analysis from 2015-2020
11.4 Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption Analysis from 2015-2020
11.5 Europe Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
11.6 Europe Handwriting Pens Value, Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
11.7 Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption, Value and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
11.8 Europe Handwriting Pens by Country (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland, Sweden, Poland, Belgium)
  11.8.1 Europe Handwriting Pens Sales by Country (2015-2020)
  11.8.2 Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption Value by Country (2015-2020)
11.9 Europe Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis

12 ASIA-PACIFIC

12.1 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (%) and Gross Analysis from 2015-2020
12.2 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
12.3 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Production Analysis from 2015-2020
12.4 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption Analysis from 2015-2020
12.5 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
12.6 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Value, Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
12.7 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption, Value and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
12.8 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens by Country (China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, India, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia)
  12.8.1 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Sales by Country (2015-2020)
  12.8.2 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption Value by Country (2015-2020)
12.9 Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis

13 LATIN AMERICA

13.1 Latin America Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (%) and Gross Analysis from 2015-2020
13.2 Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
13.3 Latin America Handwriting Pens Production Analysis from 2015-2020
13.4 Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption Analysis from 2015-2020
13.5 Latin America Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
13.6 Latin America Handwriting Pens Value, Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
13.7 Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption, Value and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
13.8 Latin America Handwriting Pens by Country (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Columbia, Chile)
  13.8.1 Latin America Handwriting Pens Sales by Country (2015-2020)
  13.8.2 Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption Value by Country (2015-2020)
13.9 Latin America Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis

14 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

14.1 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (%) and Gross Analysis from 2015-2020
14.2 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
14.3 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Production Analysis from 2015-2020
14.4 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption Analysis from 2015-2020
14.5 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
14.6 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Value, Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
14.7 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption, Value and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
14.8 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens by Country (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa)
  14.8.1 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Sales by Country (2015-2020)
  14.8.2 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption Value by Country (2015-2020)
14.9 Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis

15 FUTURE FORECAST OF THE GLOBAL HANDWRITING PENS MARKET FROM 2020-2027

15.1 Future Forecast of the Global Handwriting Pens Market from 2020-2027 Segment by Region
15.2 Global Handwriting Pens Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Type (2020-2027)
15.3 Global Handwriting Pens Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast by Application (2020-2027)

16 APPENDIX

16.1 Methodology
16.2 Research Data Source

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Global Handwriting Pens Market Value ($) and Growth Rate of Handwriting Pens from 2015-2027
Global Handwriting Pens Production and Growth Rate Segment by Product Type from 2015-2027
Global Handwriting Pens Consumption and Growth Rate Segment by Application from 2015-2027
Figure Handwriting Pens Picture
Table Product Specifications of Handwriting Pens
Table Driving Factors for this Market
Table Industry News of Handwriting Pens Market
Figure Value Chain Status of Handwriting Pens
Table Midstream Major Company Analysis (by Manufacturing Base, by Product Type)
Table Distributors/Traders
Table Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region, by Preference)
Table Global Handwriting Pens Production and Growth Rate Segment by Product Type from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Value ($) and Growth Rate Segment by Product Type from 2015-2020
Figure Fountain Pens of Handwriting Pens
Figure Ballpoint Pens of Handwriting Pens
Figure Other of Handwriting Pens
Table Global Handwriting Pens Consumption and Growth Rate Segment by Application from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Value ($) and Growth Rate Segment by Application from 2015-2020
Figure School of Handwriting Pens
Figure Office of Handwriting Pens
Figure Other of Handwriting Pens
Table Global Handwriting Pens Consumption and Growth Rate Segment by Marketing Channel from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Value ($) and Growth Rate Segment by Marketing Channel from 2015-2020
Figure Traditional Marketing Channel (Offline) of Handwriting Pens
Figure Online Channel of Handwriting Pens
Table Staedtler Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Staedtler Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Staedtler Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Staedtler Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Sheaffer Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Sheaffer Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Sheaffer Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Sheaffer Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Parker Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Parker Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Parker Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Parker Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Craft Design Technology Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Craft Design Technology Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Craft Design Technology Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Craft Design Technology Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Cross Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Cross Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Cross Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Cross Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Aurora Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Aurora Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Aurora Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Aurora Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table LAMY Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure LAMY Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure LAMY Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table LAMY Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table WahlEversharp Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure WahlEversharp Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure WahlEversharp Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table WahlEversharp Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table HERO Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure HERO Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure HERO Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table HERO Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Cartire Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Cartire Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Cartire Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Cartire Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Berol Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Berol Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Berol Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Berol Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Montegrappa Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Montegrappa Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Montegrappa Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Montegrappa Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Pentel Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Pentel Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Pentel Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Pentel Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Waterman Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Waterman Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Waterman Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Waterman Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Montblanc Profile (Company Name, Plants Distribution, Sales Region)
Figure Montblanc Sales and Growth Rate from 2015-2020
Figure Montblanc Revenue ($) and Global Market Share from 2015-2020
Table Montblanc Handwriting Pens Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Global Handwriting Pens Production Value ($) by Region from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Production Value Share by Region from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Production by Region from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Consumption Value ($) by Region from 2015-2020
Table Global Handwriting Pens Consumption by Region from 2015-2020
Table North America Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price Revenue ($), Gross Margin (%) and Gross ($) Analysis from 2015-2020
Table North America Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value ($) and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
Table North America Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
Table North America Handwriting Pens Value ($) by Type (2015-2020)
Table North America Handwriting Pens Production by Type (2015-2020)
Table North America Handwriting Pens Consumption by Application (2015-2020)
Table North America Handwriting Pens Consumption by Country (2015-2020)
Table North America Handwriting Pens Consumption Value ($) by Country (2015-2020)
Figure North America Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price Revenue ($), Gross Margin (%) and Gross ($) Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value ($) and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Value ($) by Type (2015-2020)
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Production by Type (2015-2020)
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption by Application (2015-2020)
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption by Country (2015-2020)
Table Europe Handwriting Pens Consumption Value ($) by Country (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price Revenue ($), Gross Margin (%) and Gross ($) Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value ($) and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Value ($) by Type (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Production by Type (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption by Application (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption by Country (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Consumption Value ($) by Country (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price Revenue ($), Gross Margin (%) and Gross ($) Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value ($) and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Value ($) by Type (2015-2020)
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Production by Type (2015-2020)
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption by Application (2015-2020)
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption by Country (2015-2020)
Table Latin America Handwriting Pens Consumption Value ($) by Country (2015-2020)
Figure Latin America Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Production, Ex-factory Price Revenue ($), Gross Margin (%) and Gross ($) Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption, Terminal Price, Consumption Value ($) and Channel Margin Analysis from 2015-2020
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Import and Export from 2015-2020
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Value ($) by Type (2015-2020)
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Production by Type (2015-2020)
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption by Application (2015-2020)
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption by Country (2015-2020)
Table Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Consumption Value ($) by Country (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East & Africa Handwriting Pens Market PEST Analysis
Table Global Handwriting Pens Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2020-2027)
Table Global Handwriting Pens Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2020-2027)
Table Global Handwriting Pens Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2020-2027)
Table Global Handwriting Pens Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Type (2020-2027)
Table Global Handwriting Pens Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast by Application (2020-2027)