United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Report 2018

March 2018 | 113 pages | ID: UC39923CDC2EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Lubricant and Fuel Additives in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Lubricant and Fuel Additives sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• BASF
• Lubrizol
• Infineum
• Chevron Oronite
• Afton
• Chemtura
• Tianhe
• Adeka
• Additiv Chemie Luers
• Akzo Nobel
• Dow Chemical
• IPAC
• Miracema Nuodex
• PCAS
• Sanyo Chemical Industries
• Vanderbilt

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Single Component
• Additive Package

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Heavy Duty Motor Oil
• Passenger Car Motor Oil
• Metal Working Fluids
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Report 2018

1 LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Lubricant and Fuel Additives
1.2 Classification of Lubricant and Fuel Additives by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Single Component
  1.2.4 Additive Package
1.3 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Heavy Duty Motor Oil
  1.3.3 Passenger Car Motor Oil
  1.3.4 Metal Working Fluids
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Lubricant and Fuel Additives Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Lubricant and Fuel Additives Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Lubricant and Fuel Additives Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Lubricant and Fuel Additives Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Lubricant and Fuel Additives Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Lubricant and Fuel Additives Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Lubricant and Fuel Additives (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 BASF
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 BASF Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Lubrizol
  6.2.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Lubrizol Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Infineum
  6.3.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Infineum Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Chevron Oronite
  6.4.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Chevron Oronite Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Afton
  6.5.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Afton Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Chemtura
  6.6.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Chemtura Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Tianhe
  6.7.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Tianhe Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Adeka
  6.8.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Adeka Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Additiv Chemie Luers
  6.9.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Additiv Chemie Luers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Akzo Nobel
  6.10.2 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Akzo Nobel Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Dow Chemical
6.12 IPAC
6.13 Miracema Nuodex
6.14 PCAS
6.15 Sanyo Chemical Industries
6.16 Vanderbilt

7 LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Lubricant and Fuel Additives

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Lubricant and Fuel Additives Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Lubricant and Fuel Additives Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES LUBRICANT AND FUEL ADDITIVES MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Lubricant and Fuel Additives
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (K MT) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Single Component Product Picture
Figure Additive Package Product Picture
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (K MT) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Lubricant and Fuel Additives by Application in 2017
Figure Heavy Duty Motor Oil Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Heavy Duty Motor Oil
Figure Passenger Car Motor Oil Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Passenger Car Motor Oil
Figure Metal Working Fluids Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Metal Working Fluids
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K MT) (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Lubricant and Fuel Additives Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Lubricant and Fuel Additives Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Product Category
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Price (USD/MT) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Lubricant and Fuel Additives by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Lubricant and Fuel Additives by Type in 2017
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Price (USD/MT) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table BASF Basic Information List
Table BASF Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure BASF Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure BASF Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure BASF Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Lubrizol Basic Information List
Table Lubrizol Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Lubrizol Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Lubrizol Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Lubrizol Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Infineum Basic Information List
Table Infineum Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Infineum Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Infineum Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Infineum Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Chevron Oronite Basic Information List
Table Chevron Oronite Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Chevron Oronite Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Chevron Oronite Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Chevron Oronite Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Afton Basic Information List
Table Afton Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Afton Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Afton Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Afton Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Chemtura Basic Information List
Table Chemtura Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Chemtura Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Chemtura Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Chemtura Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Tianhe Basic Information List
Table Tianhe Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Tianhe Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Tianhe Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Tianhe Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Adeka Basic Information List
Table Adeka Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Adeka Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Adeka Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Adeka Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Additiv Chemie Luers Basic Information List
Table Additiv Chemie Luers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Additiv Chemie Luers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Additiv Chemie Luers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Additiv Chemie Luers Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Akzo Nobel Basic Information List
Table Akzo Nobel Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Akzo Nobel Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Akzo Nobel Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Akzo Nobel Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Dow Chemical Basic Information List
Table IPAC Basic Information List
Table Miracema Nuodex Basic Information List
Table PCAS Basic Information List
Table Sanyo Chemical Industries Basic Information List
Table Vanderbilt Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Lubricant and Fuel Additives
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Lubricant and Fuel Additives
Figure Lubricant and Fuel Additives Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Lubricant and Fuel Additives Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Lubricant and Fuel Additives
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Lubricant and Fuel Additives Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources