United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Report 2018

January 2018 | 124 pages | ID: UD1AD8BF119EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Liquid Epoxy Resin market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Liquid Epoxy Resin in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Liquid Epoxy Resin market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Liquid Epoxy Resin sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• BASF
• Dow
• Hexion
• 3M
• DuPont
• PPG Industries
• Ashland
• The Information Company
• Hapco
• Huntsman
• Gurit
• Cytec Industries
• Sika
• Blue Star New Chemical Materials
• Ganapathy Industries
• Perma Construction Aids Private Limited
• Sartomer Americas
• Dymax Corp
• Fong Yong Chemical
• Anhui Merjia
• Jiangsu Sanmu Group

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin
• Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin
• Novolac Epoxy Resin
• Other

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Chemical Industry
• Water Conservation
• Automotive
• Electronic
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Report 2018

1 LIQUID EPOXY RESIN OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Liquid Epoxy Resin
1.2 Classification of Liquid Epoxy Resin by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin
  1.2.4 Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin
  1.2.5 Novolac Epoxy Resin
  1.2.6 Other
1.3 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Chemical Industry
  1.3.3 Water Conservation
  1.3.4 Automotive
  1.3.5 Electronic
  1.3.6 Other
1.4 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Liquid Epoxy Resin Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Liquid Epoxy Resin Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Liquid Epoxy Resin Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Liquid Epoxy Resin Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Liquid Epoxy Resin Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Liquid Epoxy Resin Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Liquid Epoxy Resin (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES LIQUID EPOXY RESIN MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Liquid Epoxy Resin Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES LIQUID EPOXY RESIN SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES LIQUID EPOXY RESIN SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES LIQUID EPOXY RESIN SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES LIQUID EPOXY RESIN PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 BASF
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 BASF Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Dow
  6.2.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Dow Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Hexion
  6.3.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Hexion Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 3M
  6.4.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 3M Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 DuPont
  6.5.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 DuPont Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 PPG Industries
  6.6.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 PPG Industries Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Ashland
  6.7.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Ashland Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 The Information Company
  6.8.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 The Information Company Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Hapco
  6.9.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Hapco Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Huntsman
  6.10.2 Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Huntsman Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Gurit
6.12 Cytec Industries
6.13 Sika
6.14 Blue Star New Chemical Materials
6.15 Ganapathy Industries
6.16 Perma Construction Aids Private Limited
6.17 Sartomer Americas
6.18 Dymax Corp
6.19 Fong Yong Chemical
6.20 Anhui Merjia
6.21 Jiangsu Sanmu Group

7 LIQUID EPOXY RESIN MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Liquid Epoxy Resin Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Liquid Epoxy Resin

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Liquid Epoxy Resin Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Liquid Epoxy Resin Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES LIQUID EPOXY RESIN MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Liquid Epoxy Resin
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (K MT) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Product Picture
Figure Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin Product Picture
Figure Novolac Epoxy Resin Product Picture
Figure Other Product Picture
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (K MT) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Liquid Epoxy Resin by Application in 2017
Figure Chemical Industry Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Chemical Industry
Figure Water Conservation Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Water Conservation
Figure Automotive Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automotive
Figure Electronic Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Electronic
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K MT) (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Liquid Epoxy Resin Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Liquid Epoxy Resin Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Liquid Epoxy Resin Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Liquid Epoxy Resin Product Category
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Price (USD/MT) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Liquid Epoxy Resin by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Liquid Epoxy Resin by Type in 2017
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Price (USD/MT) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table BASF Basic Information List
Table BASF Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure BASF Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure BASF Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure BASF Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Dow Basic Information List
Table Dow Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Dow Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Dow Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Dow Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Hexion Basic Information List
Table Hexion Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Hexion Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Hexion Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Hexion Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table 3M Basic Information List
Table 3M Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure 3M Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure 3M Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure 3M Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table DuPont Basic Information List
Table DuPont Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure DuPont Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure DuPont Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure DuPont Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table PPG Industries Basic Information List
Table PPG Industries Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure PPG Industries Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure PPG Industries Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure PPG Industries Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Ashland Basic Information List
Table Ashland Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Ashland Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Ashland Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Ashland Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table The Information Company Basic Information List
Table The Information Company Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure The Information Company Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure The Information Company Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure The Information Company Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Hapco Basic Information List
Table Hapco Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Hapco Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Hapco Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Hapco Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Huntsman Basic Information List
Table Huntsman Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Huntsman Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Huntsman Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Huntsman Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Gurit Basic Information List
Table Cytec Industries Basic Information List
Table Sika Basic Information List
Table Blue Star New Chemical Materials Basic Information List
Table Ganapathy Industries Basic Information List
Table Perma Construction Aids Private Limited Basic Information List
Table Sartomer Americas Basic Information List
Table Dymax Corp Basic Information List
Table Fong Yong Chemical Basic Information List
Table Anhui Merjia Basic Information List
Table Jiangsu Sanmu Group Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Liquid Epoxy Resin
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Liquid Epoxy Resin
Figure Liquid Epoxy Resin Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Liquid Epoxy Resin Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Liquid Epoxy Resin
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume (K MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Liquid Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources