Sodium Chloride Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2030
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Sodium Chloride Trends and Forecast
The future of the global sodium chloride market looks promising with opportunities in the chemical production, deicing, water conditioning, agriculture, food processing, and pharmaceutical markets. The global sodium chloride market is expected to reach an estimated $53.1 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030. The major drivers for this market are demand for sodium chloride as a chemical agent is on the rise and growing demand for pharmaceutical-grade sodium chloride.
There is a dynamic sodium chloride market that has new trends that have an impact in one way or another in its branching out. This is a result of development in technology, change in demand, and more importantly, improvement in green initiatives.
Recent Developments in the Sodium Chloride Market
Recent developments in sodium chloride market stand out as the sector focuses its adaptation towards the new trends and technology. These developments are changes in production, usage and dynamics of the market.
Strategic Growth Opportunities for Sodium Chloride Market
The market of sodium chloride opens numerous prospects of strategic growth in relation to a number of segments. The reasons behind these opportunities are the growing needs, advances in technology and wider usage.
Sodium Chloride Market Driver and Challenges
Sodium chloride market has its own drivers, opportunities and challenges for which its technological environment, economy, and law are among the key aspects for investigation. These are the market dynamics that are defined and these are how the industry strategies are evolving.
The factors responsible for driving the sodium chloride market include:
1. Rising Demand in Water Treatment: Water purification and treatment processes will certainly increase the need for sodium chloride that acts also as a water softener and a component in desalination processes.
2. Growth in Agricultural Sector: With the progress of the agricultural sector and the requirement to condition and fertilize soils there is a demand for sodium chloride, which contains an essential nutrient for agriculture practice.
3. Technological Advancements: Advancements in methods of extraction and processes of its conversion have raised the cost effectiveness and efficiency of production at the same time assisting in further growth of the market.
4. Expanding Pharmaceuticals: The pharmaceutical industry is growing faster, as a result, the use of sodium chloride of high purity is increasing in this area due to the development of new drug formulations as well.
5. Infrastructure Development: Demand for sodium chloride for de-icing applications because of expanding infrastructural development especially in cold countries which promotes the market.
Challenges in the sodium chloride market are:
1. Environmental Regulations: Compliance and sustainability issues are present due to stricter actions affecting production processes and associated costs.
2. Market Volatility: Risks of profitability owing to the sodium chloride market’s reliance on ever changing raw material prices and market demands.
3. Technological Costs: Some companies may run into a limitation of gaining the resources needed for adopting production and purification technologies that are superior.
These drivers and challenges relate to the sodium chloride market and determine its growth areas, structural changes and operational efficiency in the market. To allow such changes, the companies face the challenge of understanding and responding to the changing environment.
List of Sodium Chloride Companies
Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies sodium chloride companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the sodium chloride companies profiled in this report include-
The study includes a forecast for the global sodium chloride by type, application, and region.
Sodium Chloride Market by Type [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:
Major players in the market are expanding their operations and forming strategic partnerships to strengthen their positions. Below image highlights recent developments by major sodium chloride producers in key regions: the USA, China, India, Japan, and Germany
Market Size Estimates: Sodium chloride market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2018 to 2023) and forecast (2024 to 2030) by various segments and regions.
Segmentation Analysis: Sodium chloride market size by type, application, and region in terms of value ($B).
Regional Analysis: Sodium chloride market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.
Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, applications, and regions for the sodium chloride market .
Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the sodium chloride market .
Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter’s Five Forces model.
If you are looking to expand your business in this market or adjacent markets, then contact us. We have done hundreds of strategic consulting projects in market entry, opportunity screening, due diligence, supply chain analysis, M & A, and more.
FAQ
Q1. What is the sodium chloride market size?
Answer: The global sodium chloride market is expected to reach an estimated $53.1 billion by 2030.
Q2. What is the growth forecast for sodium chloride market ?
Answer: The global sodium chloride market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030.
Q3. What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the sodium chloride market ?
Answer: The major drivers for this market are demand for sodium chloride as a chemical agent is on the rise and growing demand for pharmaceutical-grade sodium chloride.
Q4. What are the major segments for sodium chloride market ?
Answer: The future of the sodium chloride market looks promising with opportunities in the chemical production, deicing, water conditioning, agriculture, food processing, and pharmaceutical markets.
Q5. Who are the key sodium chloride market companies?
Answer: Some of the key sodium chloride companies are as follows:
Answer: Lucintel forecasts that rock salt segment will remain the largest segment over the forecast period.
Q7. In sodium chloride market, which region is expected to be the largest in next 5 years?
Answer: APAC will remain the largest region over the forecast period due to increasing demand from the chemical industry.
Q.8 Do we receive customization in this report?
Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% customization without any additional cost.
This report answers following 11 key questions:
Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the sodium chloride market by type (rock salt, solar salt, and vacuum salt), application (chemical production, deicing, water conditioning, agriculture, food processing, pharmaceutical, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
For any questions related to Sodium Chloride Market, Sodium Chloride Market Size, Sodium Chloride Market Growth, Sodium Chloride Market Analysis, Sodium Chloride Market Report, Sodium Chloride Market Share, Sodium Chloride Market Trends, Sodium Chloride Market Forecast, Sodium Chloride Companies, write Lucintel analyst at email: [email protected]. We will be glad to get back to you soon.
Market Report
Sodium Chloride Trends and Forecast
The future of the global sodium chloride market looks promising with opportunities in the chemical production, deicing, water conditioning, agriculture, food processing, and pharmaceutical markets. The global sodium chloride market is expected to reach an estimated $53.1 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030. The major drivers for this market are demand for sodium chloride as a chemical agent is on the rise and growing demand for pharmaceutical-grade sodium chloride.
- Lucintel forecasts that rock salt segment will remain the largest segment over the forecast period.
- Within this market, chemical production will remain the largest segment due to increasing adoption of soldium chloride in the production of detergents and the metallurgical industry.
- APAC will remain the largest region over the forecast period due to increasing demand from the chemical industry.
There is a dynamic sodium chloride market that has new trends that have an impact in one way or another in its branching out. This is a result of development in technology, change in demand, and more importantly, improvement in green initiatives.
- Green Production Processes: More and more people are favoring clean production methods. Companies are focusing on reducing waste during the sodium chloride production process due to the increasing attention towards several sustainable development objectives.
- High Purity Sodium Chloride: Worldwide consumption of high-purity sodium chloride has been rising for the last ten years, especially in pharmaceuticals and other niche markets. New and improved purification methods are being developed to satisfy the increasing demand for end uses requiring high levels of purity.
- Application Scrapping of Limitations: Sodium chloride is making a way to different fields looking for all the possible areas of application. Advancement in technologies of electronics and drugs has covered novel prospective of sodium chloride and hence enhancing the market for specific sodium chloride products.
- Innovation in Technologies: New extraction and processing methods are increasing the productivity and cost efficiency of sodium chloride production. Production processes have been made easier and less expensive due to new technologies and the use of automation.
- Clean Production Methodologies: Policies focused procedures that contradict engaging in negative activities are being seen as affecting market dynamics of the sodium chloride. Investors have spent a lot on advanced technologies in order to overcome such new limitations on the market.
Recent Developments in the Sodium Chloride Market
Recent developments in sodium chloride market stand out as the sector focuses its adaptation towards the new trends and technology. These developments are changes in production, usage and dynamics of the market.
- Expansion of Production Facilities: New production facilities are set up in different parts of the world as a response to increasing demand. Such facilities have been set up with modern technology that promotes efficient and ecological practices.
- Adoption of Sustainable Practices: In the production of sodium chloride, companies are seeking to implement sustainable practices more and more. Including waste minimization, energy consumption minimization, and adoption of green extraction processes.
- Technological Innovations: Technological developments are increasing effectiveness in the extraction and processing of sodium chloride. Modern design and construction have led to increased usage of technology such as automation and advanced purification technologies.
- Increased Focus on High-Purity Products: There is an increasing trend towards synthesizing high purity sodium chlorides for special needs. This demand has led to investment in purification technology that is augmenting business prospects.
- Legal Regulation: Compliance with even tighter rules forces companies to improve processes and ecological performances, while such compliance is becoming a focusing concern for the industry.
Strategic Growth Opportunities for Sodium Chloride Market
The market of sodium chloride opens numerous prospects of strategic growth in relation to a number of segments. The reasons behind these opportunities are the growing needs, advances in technology and wider usage.
- Water Treatment: Sodium chloride has a crucial role in the water treatment processes. Increasing bottlenecks relating to supply water scarcity and pollution creates prospects for growth in the municipal and industrial water treatment projects and thus the market.
- Agricultural Applications: There is an increasing trend of utilizing sodium chloride in agriculture for soil treatment and fertilization purposes. This opportunity is driven by increasing farming activities and the adoption of soil management strategies.
- Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical applications are the main factors influencing the demand of high purity sodium chloride. Increased need in the growth of pharmaceutical sector’s industries, as well new technologies in drug composition opens room for special grade sodium chloride products.
- Chemical Manufacturing: In the chemical manufacturing industry, sodium chloride is one of the important raw materials. Chemical sector development and progress in the chemical processes have increased the need for sodium chloride.
- De-Icing: The de-icing of roads, structures and airport runways with sodium chloride is worth noting especially in areas of ice. This explains the selling factor in Imitative growth Opportunity.
Sodium Chloride Market Driver and Challenges
Sodium chloride market has its own drivers, opportunities and challenges for which its technological environment, economy, and law are among the key aspects for investigation. These are the market dynamics that are defined and these are how the industry strategies are evolving.
The factors responsible for driving the sodium chloride market include:
1. Rising Demand in Water Treatment: Water purification and treatment processes will certainly increase the need for sodium chloride that acts also as a water softener and a component in desalination processes.
2. Growth in Agricultural Sector: With the progress of the agricultural sector and the requirement to condition and fertilize soils there is a demand for sodium chloride, which contains an essential nutrient for agriculture practice.
3. Technological Advancements: Advancements in methods of extraction and processes of its conversion have raised the cost effectiveness and efficiency of production at the same time assisting in further growth of the market.
4. Expanding Pharmaceuticals: The pharmaceutical industry is growing faster, as a result, the use of sodium chloride of high purity is increasing in this area due to the development of new drug formulations as well.
5. Infrastructure Development: Demand for sodium chloride for de-icing applications because of expanding infrastructural development especially in cold countries which promotes the market.
Challenges in the sodium chloride market are:
1. Environmental Regulations: Compliance and sustainability issues are present due to stricter actions affecting production processes and associated costs.
2. Market Volatility: Risks of profitability owing to the sodium chloride market’s reliance on ever changing raw material prices and market demands.
3. Technological Costs: Some companies may run into a limitation of gaining the resources needed for adopting production and purification technologies that are superior.
These drivers and challenges relate to the sodium chloride market and determine its growth areas, structural changes and operational efficiency in the market. To allow such changes, the companies face the challenge of understanding and responding to the changing environment.
List of Sodium Chloride Companies
Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies sodium chloride companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the sodium chloride companies profiled in this report include-
- Nouryon
- Cargill
- Wacker Chemie
- Tata Chemical
- INEOS
The study includes a forecast for the global sodium chloride by type, application, and region.
Sodium Chloride Market by Type [Analysis by Value from 2018 to 2030]:
- Rock Salt
- Solar Salt
- Vacuum Salt
- Chemical Production
- Deicing
- Water Conditioning
- Agriculture
- Food Processing
- Pharmaceutical
- Others
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- The Rest of the World
Major players in the market are expanding their operations and forming strategic partnerships to strengthen their positions. Below image highlights recent developments by major sodium chloride producers in key regions: the USA, China, India, Japan, and Germany
- United states: The usage of sodium chloride is increasing in the U.S market owing to its usage in de-icing and use in the treatment of water. Devised improvements in processing and extracting methods will seek to improve effectiveness and sustainability while meeting requirements for both environmental compliance and market demand.
- China: Sodium chloride production in China is growing in response to a number of markets such as chemical processing and water treatment. The country is modernizing selected extraction techniques and boosting production facilities to satisfy internal and external market requirements.
- Germany: In Germany, sodium chloride is being produced for purified and specialized markets such as pharmaceuticals and food applications. Modern purification techniques are actively being developed and used, as well as techniques that lessen the ecological footprint of the processes.
- India: There are reasons to believe that the sodium chloride market will grow substantially in India particularly in the areas of agricultural as well as water treatment. The country has been upgrading its production facilities and quality assurance systems for both the domestic and exportation markets with current quality requirements.
- Japan: Japan is enhancing its sodium chloride production with the aid of technology and more productive production methods. The enterprises are working out other activities including the research of electronics and NaCl for pharmaceuticals with high purity and other special forms of sodium chloride products.
Market Size Estimates: Sodium chloride market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2018 to 2023) and forecast (2024 to 2030) by various segments and regions.
Segmentation Analysis: Sodium chloride market size by type, application, and region in terms of value ($B).
Regional Analysis: Sodium chloride market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.
Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, applications, and regions for the sodium chloride market .
Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the sodium chloride market .
Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter’s Five Forces model.
If you are looking to expand your business in this market or adjacent markets, then contact us. We have done hundreds of strategic consulting projects in market entry, opportunity screening, due diligence, supply chain analysis, M & A, and more.
FAQ
Q1. What is the sodium chloride market size?
Answer: The global sodium chloride market is expected to reach an estimated $53.1 billion by 2030.
Q2. What is the growth forecast for sodium chloride market ?
Answer: The global sodium chloride market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.1% from 2024 to 2030.
Q3. What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the sodium chloride market ?
Answer: The major drivers for this market are demand for sodium chloride as a chemical agent is on the rise and growing demand for pharmaceutical-grade sodium chloride.
Q4. What are the major segments for sodium chloride market ?
Answer: The future of the sodium chloride market looks promising with opportunities in the chemical production, deicing, water conditioning, agriculture, food processing, and pharmaceutical markets.
Q5. Who are the key sodium chloride market companies?
Answer: Some of the key sodium chloride companies are as follows:
- Nouryon
- Cargill
- Wacker Chemie
- Tata Chemical
- INEOS
Answer: Lucintel forecasts that rock salt segment will remain the largest segment over the forecast period.
Q7. In sodium chloride market, which region is expected to be the largest in next 5 years?
Answer: APAC will remain the largest region over the forecast period due to increasing demand from the chemical industry.
Q.8 Do we receive customization in this report?
Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% customization without any additional cost.
This report answers following 11 key questions:
Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the sodium chloride market by type (rock salt, solar salt, and vacuum salt), application (chemical production, deicing, water conditioning, agriculture, food processing, pharmaceutical, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
For any questions related to Sodium Chloride Market, Sodium Chloride Market Size, Sodium Chloride Market Growth, Sodium Chloride Market Analysis, Sodium Chloride Market Report, Sodium Chloride Market Share, Sodium Chloride Market Trends, Sodium Chloride Market Forecast, Sodium Chloride Companies, write Lucintel analyst at email: [email protected]. We will be glad to get back to you soon.
Market Report
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. GLOBAL SODIUM CHLORIDE MARKET : MARKET DYNAMICS
2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
2.2: Supply Chain
2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges
3. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS FROM 2018 TO 2030
3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
3.2. Global Sodium Chloride Market Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
3.3: Global Sodium Chloride Market by Type
3.3.1: Rock Salt
3.3.2: Solar Salt
3.3.3: Vacuum Salt
3.4: Global Sodium Chloride Market by Application
3.4.1: Chemical Production
3.4.2: Deicing
3.4.3: Water Conditioning
3.4.4: Agriculture
3.4.5: Food Processing
3.4.6: Pharmaceutical
3.4.7: Others
4. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS BY REGION FROM 2018 TO 2030
4.1: Global Sodium Chloride Market by Region
4.2: North American Sodium Chloride Market
4.2.1: North American Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.2.2: North American Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
4.3: European Sodium Chloride Market
4.3.1: European Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.3.2: European Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
4.4: APAC Sodium Chloride Market
4.4.1: APAC Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.4.2: APAC Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
4.5: ROW Sodium Chloride Market
4.5.1: ROW Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.5.2: ROW Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
5. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
5.2: Operational Integration
5.3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
6. GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium Chloride Market by Type
6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium Chloride Market by Application
6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium Chloride Market by Region
6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Sodium Chloride Market
6.3: Strategic Analysis
6.3.1: New Product Development
6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Sodium Chloride Market
6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Sodium Chloride Market
6.3.4: Certification and Licensing
7. COMPANY PROFILES OF LEADING PLAYERS
7.1: Nouryon
7.2: Cargill
7.3: Wacker Chemie
7.4: Tata Chemical
7.5: INEOS
2. GLOBAL SODIUM CHLORIDE MARKET : MARKET DYNAMICS
2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
2.2: Supply Chain
2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges
3. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS FROM 2018 TO 2030
3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
3.2. Global Sodium Chloride Market Trends (2018-2023) and Forecast (2024-2030)
3.3: Global Sodium Chloride Market by Type
3.3.1: Rock Salt
3.3.2: Solar Salt
3.3.3: Vacuum Salt
3.4: Global Sodium Chloride Market by Application
3.4.1: Chemical Production
3.4.2: Deicing
3.4.3: Water Conditioning
3.4.4: Agriculture
3.4.5: Food Processing
3.4.6: Pharmaceutical
3.4.7: Others
4. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS BY REGION FROM 2018 TO 2030
4.1: Global Sodium Chloride Market by Region
4.2: North American Sodium Chloride Market
4.2.1: North American Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.2.2: North American Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
4.3: European Sodium Chloride Market
4.3.1: European Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.3.2: European Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
4.4: APAC Sodium Chloride Market
4.4.1: APAC Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.4.2: APAC Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
4.5: ROW Sodium Chloride Market
4.5.1: ROW Sodium Chloride Market by Type: Rock Salt, Solar Salt, and Vacuum Salt
4.5.2: ROW Sodium Chloride Market by Application: Chemical Production, Deicing, Water Conditioning, Agriculture, Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, and Others
5. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
5.2: Operational Integration
5.3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
6. GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium Chloride Market by Type
6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium Chloride Market by Application
6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium Chloride Market by Region
6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Sodium Chloride Market
6.3: Strategic Analysis
6.3.1: New Product Development
6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Sodium Chloride Market
6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Sodium Chloride Market
6.3.4: Certification and Licensing
7. COMPANY PROFILES OF LEADING PLAYERS
7.1: Nouryon
7.2: Cargill
7.3: Wacker Chemie
7.4: Tata Chemical
7.5: INEOS
