Waste-to-Energy Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

January 2022 | 76 pages | ID: WF7303560ED5EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

WTE (Waste-to-Energy) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WTE is a form of energy recovery. Most WTE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Waste-to-Energy in global, including the following market information:

Global Waste-to-Energy Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Waste-to-Energy Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (M MT)

Global top five Waste-to-Energy companies in 2021 (%)

The global Waste-to-Energy market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Thermal Technologies Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Waste-to-Energy include Sanfeng Covanta, China Everbright, Tianjin Teda, Grandblue, Shanghai Environmental and Shenzhen Energy, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Waste-to-Energy manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Waste-to-Energy Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (M MT)

Global Waste-to-Energy Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Thermal Technologies
• Biochemical Reactions

Global Waste-to-Energy Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (M MT)

Global Waste-to-Energy Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Power Plant
• Heating Plant
• Others

Global Waste-to-Energy Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (M MT)

Global Waste-to-Energy Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Waste-to-Energy revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Waste-to-Energy revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Waste-to-Energy sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (M MT)

Key companies Waste-to-Energy sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Sanfeng Covanta
• China Everbright
• Tianjin Teda
• Grandblue
• Shanghai Environmental
• Shenzhen Energy

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Waste-to-Energy Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Waste-to-Energy Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL WASTE-TO-ENERGY OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Waste-to-Energy Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Waste-to-Energy Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Waste-to-Energy Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Waste-to-Energy Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Waste-to-Energy Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Waste-to-Energy Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Waste-to-Energy Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Waste-to-Energy Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Waste-to-Energy Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Waste-to-Energy Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Waste-to-Energy Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Thermal Technologies
  4.1.3 Biochemical Reactions
4.2 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Power Plant
  5.1.3 Heating Plant
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Sanfeng Covanta
  7.1.1 Sanfeng Covanta Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Sanfeng Covanta Business Overview
  7.1.3 Sanfeng Covanta Waste-to-Energy Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Sanfeng Covanta Waste-to-Energy Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Sanfeng Covanta Key News
7.2 China Everbright
  7.2.1 China Everbright Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 China Everbright Business Overview
  7.2.3 China Everbright Waste-to-Energy Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 China Everbright Waste-to-Energy Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 China Everbright Key News
7.3 Tianjin Teda
  7.3.1 Tianjin Teda Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Tianjin Teda Business Overview
  7.3.3 Tianjin Teda Waste-to-Energy Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Tianjin Teda Waste-to-Energy Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Tianjin Teda Key News
7.4 Grandblue
  7.4.1 Grandblue Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Grandblue Business Overview
  7.4.3 Grandblue Waste-to-Energy Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Grandblue Waste-to-Energy Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Grandblue Key News
7.5 Shanghai Environmental
  7.5.1 Shanghai Environmental Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Shanghai Environmental Business Overview
  7.5.3 Shanghai Environmental Waste-to-Energy Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Shanghai Environmental Waste-to-Energy Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Shanghai Environmental Key News
7.6 Shenzhen Energy
  7.6.1 Shenzhen Energy Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Shenzhen Energy Business Overview
  7.6.3 Shenzhen Energy Waste-to-Energy Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Shenzhen Energy Waste-to-Energy Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Shenzhen Energy Key News

8 GLOBAL WASTE-TO-ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Waste-to-Energy Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Waste-to-Energy Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Waste-to-Energy Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 WASTE-TO-ENERGY SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Waste-to-Energy Industry Value Chain
10.2 Waste-to-Energy Upstream Market
10.3 Waste-to-Energy Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Waste-to-Energy Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Waste-to-Energy in Global Market
Table 2. Top Waste-to-Energy Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Waste-to-Energy Sales by Companies, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Waste-to-Energy Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Waste-to-Energy Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Waste-to-Energy Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Waste-to-Energy Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Sanfeng Covanta Corporate Summary
Table 47. Sanfeng Covanta Waste-to-Energy Product Offerings
Table 48. Sanfeng Covanta Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. China Everbright Corporate Summary
Table 50. China Everbright Waste-to-Energy Product Offerings
Table 51. China Everbright Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Tianjin Teda Corporate Summary
Table 53. Tianjin Teda Waste-to-Energy Product Offerings
Table 54. Tianjin Teda Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Grandblue Corporate Summary
Table 56. Grandblue Waste-to-Energy Product Offerings
Table 57. Grandblue Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Shanghai Environmental Corporate Summary
Table 59. Shanghai Environmental Waste-to-Energy Product Offerings
Table 60. Shanghai Environmental Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Shenzhen Energy Corporate Summary
Table 62. Shenzhen Energy Waste-to-Energy Product Offerings
Table 63. Shenzhen Energy Waste-to-Energy Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Waste-to-Energy Production Capacity (M MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (M MT)
Table 65. Global Waste-to-Energy Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Waste-to-Energy Production by Region, 2017-2022 (M MT)
Table 67. Global Waste-to-Energy Production by Region, 2023-2028 (M MT)
Table 68. Waste-to-Energy Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Waste-to-Energy Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Waste-to-Energy Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Waste-to-Energy Raw Materials
Table 72. Waste-to-Energy Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Waste-to-Energy Downstream
Table 74. Waste-to-Energy Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Waste-to-Energy Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Waste-to-Energy Segment by Type
Figure 2. Waste-to-Energy Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Waste-to-Energy Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Waste-to-Energy Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Waste-to-Energy Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (M MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Waste-to-Energy Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Waste-to-Energy Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Waste-to-Energy Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Waste-to-Energy Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Waste-to-Energy Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Waste-to-Energy Production Capacity (M MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Waste-to-Energy by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Waste-to-Energy Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels