2026-2031 Global Special Alumina Outlook Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Player, Type, Application and Region
This report presents a detailed and holistic analysis of the global Special Alumina market. It integrates quantitative data with qualitative insights to equip readers with the necessary information for strategic planning, competitive assessment, market positioning, and data-driven decision-making.
All market sizes, estimates, and forecasts are expressed in terms of output/shipments and revenue. With 2025 serving as the base year, the report provides historical context from 2020. and projections up to 2031. It includes a complete segmentation of the global market, along with regional market sizes analyzed by type, application, and key industry participants.
Further enriching the analysis, the report outlines the competitive environment, offering profiles of prominent players and their market standings. It also explores key technological advancements and recent developments in product offerings.
Ultimately, this report serves as a vital resource for Special Alumina manufacturers, prospective entrants, and other stakeholders within the industry value chain. It supplies comprehensive data on revenues, production, and average pricing for the overall market and its sub-segments, detailed by company, product type, application, and geographic region.
By Market Players:
Almatis
Alteo
CHALCO
Hindalco
Jingang New Materials
Sumitomo Chemical
SDK
ICA
Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd.
Nabaltec
Shandong Aopeng
Huber Corporation
Motim
Silkem
Nalco
By Type
Standard Calcined Alumina
Tabular Alumina
White Fused Alumina
Medium Soda Calcined Alumina
Low Soda Alumina
Others
By Application
Refractory Materials
Ceramics
Abrasives & Polishing
Catalyst
Others
By Regions/Countries:
North America
East Asia
Europe
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Middle East
Africa
Oceania
South America
Points Covered in The Report
All market sizes, estimates, and forecasts are expressed in terms of output/shipments and revenue. With 2025 serving as the base year, the report provides historical context from 2020. and projections up to 2031. It includes a complete segmentation of the global market, along with regional market sizes analyzed by type, application, and key industry participants.
Further enriching the analysis, the report outlines the competitive environment, offering profiles of prominent players and their market standings. It also explores key technological advancements and recent developments in product offerings.
Ultimately, this report serves as a vital resource for Special Alumina manufacturers, prospective entrants, and other stakeholders within the industry value chain. It supplies comprehensive data on revenues, production, and average pricing for the overall market and its sub-segments, detailed by company, product type, application, and geographic region.
By Market Players:
Almatis
Alteo
CHALCO
Hindalco
Jingang New Materials
Sumitomo Chemical
SDK
ICA
Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd.
Nabaltec
Shandong Aopeng
Huber Corporation
Motim
Silkem
Nalco
By Type
Standard Calcined Alumina
Tabular Alumina
White Fused Alumina
Medium Soda Calcined Alumina
Low Soda Alumina
Others
By Application
Refractory Materials
Ceramics
Abrasives & Polishing
Catalyst
Others
By Regions/Countries:
North America
East Asia
Europe
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Middle East
Africa
Oceania
South America
Points Covered in The Report
- The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.
- The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.
- The growth factors of the market is discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.
- Data and information by market player, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.
- The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.
- To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
- Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
- To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
- Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
- To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
- Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.
1 REPORT OVERVIEW
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Special Alumina Revenue
1.4 Market Analysis by Type
1.4.1 Global Special Alumina Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2026-2031
1.4.2 Standard Calcined Alumina
1.4.3 Tabular Alumina
1.4.4 White Fused Alumina
1.4.5 Medium Soda Calcined Alumina
1.4.6 Low Soda Alumina
1.4.7 Others
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Special Alumina Market Share by Application: 2026-2031
1.5.2 Refractory Materials
1.5.3 Ceramics
1.5.4 Abrasives & Polishing
1.5.5 Catalyst
1.5.6 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Overview of Global Special Alumina Market
1.7.1 Global Special Alumina Market Status and Outlook (2020-2031)
1.7.2 North America
1.7.3 East Asia
1.7.4 Europe
1.7.5 South Asia
1.7.6 Southeast Asia
1.7.7 Middle East
1.7.8 Africa
1.7.9 Oceania
1.7.10 South America
1.7.11 Rest of the World
2 MANUFACTURING COST STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
2.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Special Alumina
2.2 Industry Chain Structure of Special Alumina
3 MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS
3.1 Global Special Alumina Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Special Alumina Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4 SPECIAL ALUMINA REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS
4.1 Special Alumina Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Special Alumina Production by Regions (2020-2025)
4.1.2 Global Special Alumina Revenue by Regions
4.2 Special Alumina Consumption by Regions
4.3 North America Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.3.1 North America Special Alumina Production
4.3.2 North America Special Alumina Revenue
4.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
4.3.4 North America Special Alumina Import and Export
4.4 East Asia Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.4.1 East Asia Special Alumina Production
4.4.2 East Asia Special Alumina Revenue
4.4.3 Key Manufacturers in East Asia
4.4.4 East Asia Special Alumina Import & Export
4.5 Europe Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.5.1 Europe Special Alumina Production
4.5.2 Europe Special Alumina Revenue
4.5.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
4.5.4 Europe Special Alumina Import & Export
4.6 South Asia Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.6.1 South Asia Special Alumina Production
4.6.2 South Asia Special Alumina Revenue
4.6.3 Key Manufacturers in South Asia
4.6.4 South Asia Special Alumina Import & Export
4.7 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.7.1 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production
4.7.2 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Revenue
4.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
4.7.4 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Import & Export
4.8 Middle East Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.8.1 Middle East Special Alumina Production
4.8.2 Middle East Special Alumina Revenue
4.8.3 Key Manufacturers in Middle East
4.8.4 Middle East Special Alumina Import & Export
4.9 Africa Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.9.1 Africa Special Alumina Production
4.9.2 Africa Special Alumina Revenue
4.9.3 Key Manufacturers in Africa
4.9.4 Africa Special Alumina Import & Export
4.10 Oceania Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.10.1 Oceania Special Alumina Production
4.10.2 Oceania Special Alumina Revenue
4.10.3 Key Manufacturers in Oceania
4.10.4 Oceania Special Alumina Import & Export
4.11 South America Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.11.1 South America Special Alumina Production
4.11.2 South America Special Alumina Revenue
4.11.3 Key Manufacturers in South America
4.11.4 South America Special Alumina Import & Export
5 SPECIAL ALUMINA SALES MARKET BY TYPE (2020-2031)
5.1 Global Special Alumina Historic Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
5.2 Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
6 SPECIAL ALUMINA CONSUMPTION MARKET BY APPLICATION(2020-2031)
6.1 Global Special Alumina Historic Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
6.2 Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
7 COMPANY PROFILES AND KEY FIGURES IN SPECIAL ALUMINA BUSINESS
7.1 Almatis
7.1.1 Almatis Company Profile
7.1.2 Almatis Special Alumina Product Specification
7.1.3 Almatis Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2 Alteo
7.2.1 Alteo Company Profile
7.2.2 Alteo Special Alumina Product Specification
7.2.3 Alteo Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3 CHALCO
7.3.1 CHALCO Company Profile
7.3.2 CHALCO Special Alumina Product Specification
7.3.3 CHALCO Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4 Hindalco
7.4.1 Hindalco Company Profile
7.4.2 Hindalco Special Alumina Product Specification
7.4.3 Hindalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5 Jingang New Materials
7.5.1 Jingang New Materials Company Profile
7.5.2 Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Product Specification
7.5.3 Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6 Sumitomo Chemical
7.6.1 Sumitomo Chemical Company Profile
7.6.2 Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Product Specification
7.6.3 Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7 SDK
7.7.1 SDK Company Profile
7.7.2 SDK Special Alumina Product Specification
7.7.3 SDK Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8 ICA
7.8.1 ICA Company Profile
7.8.2 ICA Special Alumina Product Specification
7.8.3 ICA Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd.
7.9.1 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Company Profile
7.9.2 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Product Specification
7.9.3 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10 Nabaltec
7.10.1 Nabaltec Company Profile
7.10.2 Nabaltec Special Alumina Product Specification
7.10.3 Nabaltec Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11 Shandong Aopeng
7.11.1 Shandong Aopeng Company Profile
7.11.2 Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Product Specification
7.11.3 Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12 Huber Corporation
7.12.1 Huber Corporation Company Profile
7.12.2 Huber Corporation Special Alumina Product Specification
7.12.3 Huber Corporation Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13 Motim
7.13.1 Motim Company Profile
7.13.2 Motim Special Alumina Product Specification
7.13.3 Motim Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14 Silkem
7.14.1 Silkem Company Profile
7.14.2 Silkem Special Alumina Product Specification
7.14.3 Silkem Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15 Nalco
7.15.1 Nalco Company Profile
7.15.2 Nalco Special Alumina Product Specification
7.15.3 Nalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
8 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY FORECAST
8.1 Global Forecasted Production of Special Alumina (2026-2031)
8.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Special Alumina (2026-2031)
8.3 Global Forecasted Price of Special Alumina (2020-2031)
8.4 Global Forecasted Production of Special Alumina by Region (2026-2031)
8.4.1 North America Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.2 East Asia Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.3 Europe Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.4 South Asia Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.5 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.6 Middle East Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.7 Africa Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.8 Oceania Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.9 South America Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.10 Rest of the World Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.5 Forecast by Type and by Application (2026-2031)
8.5.1 Global Sales Volume, Sales Revenue and Sales Price Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
8.5.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Application (2026-2031)
9 CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND FORECAST
9.1 North America Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.2 East Asia Market Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Countriy
9.4 South Asia Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.5 Southeast Asia Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.6 Middle East Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.7 Africa Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.8 Oceania Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.9 South America Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.10 Rest of the world Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
10 MARKETING CHANNEL, DISTRIBUTORS AND CUSTOMERS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Channels
10.1.2 Indirect Channels
11 MARKET DYNAMICS
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities and Drivers
11.3 Challenges
11.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 CONCLUSION
13 APPENDIX
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Special Alumina Revenue
1.4 Market Analysis by Type
1.4.1 Global Special Alumina Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2026-2031
1.4.2 Standard Calcined Alumina
1.4.3 Tabular Alumina
1.4.4 White Fused Alumina
1.4.5 Medium Soda Calcined Alumina
1.4.6 Low Soda Alumina
1.4.7 Others
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Special Alumina Market Share by Application: 2026-2031
1.5.2 Refractory Materials
1.5.3 Ceramics
1.5.4 Abrasives & Polishing
1.5.5 Catalyst
1.5.6 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Overview of Global Special Alumina Market
1.7.1 Global Special Alumina Market Status and Outlook (2020-2031)
1.7.2 North America
1.7.3 East Asia
1.7.4 Europe
1.7.5 South Asia
1.7.6 Southeast Asia
1.7.7 Middle East
1.7.8 Africa
1.7.9 Oceania
1.7.10 South America
1.7.11 Rest of the World
2 MANUFACTURING COST STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
2.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Special Alumina
2.2 Industry Chain Structure of Special Alumina
3 MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS
3.1 Global Special Alumina Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Special Alumina Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4 SPECIAL ALUMINA REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS
4.1 Special Alumina Production by Regions
4.1.1 Global Special Alumina Production by Regions (2020-2025)
4.1.2 Global Special Alumina Revenue by Regions
4.2 Special Alumina Consumption by Regions
4.3 North America Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.3.1 North America Special Alumina Production
4.3.2 North America Special Alumina Revenue
4.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
4.3.4 North America Special Alumina Import and Export
4.4 East Asia Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.4.1 East Asia Special Alumina Production
4.4.2 East Asia Special Alumina Revenue
4.4.3 Key Manufacturers in East Asia
4.4.4 East Asia Special Alumina Import & Export
4.5 Europe Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.5.1 Europe Special Alumina Production
4.5.2 Europe Special Alumina Revenue
4.5.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
4.5.4 Europe Special Alumina Import & Export
4.6 South Asia Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.6.1 South Asia Special Alumina Production
4.6.2 South Asia Special Alumina Revenue
4.6.3 Key Manufacturers in South Asia
4.6.4 South Asia Special Alumina Import & Export
4.7 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.7.1 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production
4.7.2 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Revenue
4.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
4.7.4 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Import & Export
4.8 Middle East Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.8.1 Middle East Special Alumina Production
4.8.2 Middle East Special Alumina Revenue
4.8.3 Key Manufacturers in Middle East
4.8.4 Middle East Special Alumina Import & Export
4.9 Africa Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.9.1 Africa Special Alumina Production
4.9.2 Africa Special Alumina Revenue
4.9.3 Key Manufacturers in Africa
4.9.4 Africa Special Alumina Import & Export
4.10 Oceania Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.10.1 Oceania Special Alumina Production
4.10.2 Oceania Special Alumina Revenue
4.10.3 Key Manufacturers in Oceania
4.10.4 Oceania Special Alumina Import & Export
4.11 South America Special Alumina Market Analysis
4.11.1 South America Special Alumina Production
4.11.2 South America Special Alumina Revenue
4.11.3 Key Manufacturers in South America
4.11.4 South America Special Alumina Import & Export
5 SPECIAL ALUMINA SALES MARKET BY TYPE (2020-2031)
5.1 Global Special Alumina Historic Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
5.2 Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
6 SPECIAL ALUMINA CONSUMPTION MARKET BY APPLICATION(2020-2031)
6.1 Global Special Alumina Historic Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
6.2 Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
7 COMPANY PROFILES AND KEY FIGURES IN SPECIAL ALUMINA BUSINESS
7.1 Almatis
7.1.1 Almatis Company Profile
7.1.2 Almatis Special Alumina Product Specification
7.1.3 Almatis Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2 Alteo
7.2.1 Alteo Company Profile
7.2.2 Alteo Special Alumina Product Specification
7.2.3 Alteo Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3 CHALCO
7.3.1 CHALCO Company Profile
7.3.2 CHALCO Special Alumina Product Specification
7.3.3 CHALCO Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4 Hindalco
7.4.1 Hindalco Company Profile
7.4.2 Hindalco Special Alumina Product Specification
7.4.3 Hindalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5 Jingang New Materials
7.5.1 Jingang New Materials Company Profile
7.5.2 Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Product Specification
7.5.3 Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6 Sumitomo Chemical
7.6.1 Sumitomo Chemical Company Profile
7.6.2 Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Product Specification
7.6.3 Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7 SDK
7.7.1 SDK Company Profile
7.7.2 SDK Special Alumina Product Specification
7.7.3 SDK Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8 ICA
7.8.1 ICA Company Profile
7.8.2 ICA Special Alumina Product Specification
7.8.3 ICA Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd.
7.9.1 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Company Profile
7.9.2 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Product Specification
7.9.3 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10 Nabaltec
7.10.1 Nabaltec Company Profile
7.10.2 Nabaltec Special Alumina Product Specification
7.10.3 Nabaltec Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11 Shandong Aopeng
7.11.1 Shandong Aopeng Company Profile
7.11.2 Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Product Specification
7.11.3 Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12 Huber Corporation
7.12.1 Huber Corporation Company Profile
7.12.2 Huber Corporation Special Alumina Product Specification
7.12.3 Huber Corporation Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13 Motim
7.13.1 Motim Company Profile
7.13.2 Motim Special Alumina Product Specification
7.13.3 Motim Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14 Silkem
7.14.1 Silkem Company Profile
7.14.2 Silkem Special Alumina Product Specification
7.14.3 Silkem Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15 Nalco
7.15.1 Nalco Company Profile
7.15.2 Nalco Special Alumina Product Specification
7.15.3 Nalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
8 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY FORECAST
8.1 Global Forecasted Production of Special Alumina (2026-2031)
8.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Special Alumina (2026-2031)
8.3 Global Forecasted Price of Special Alumina (2020-2031)
8.4 Global Forecasted Production of Special Alumina by Region (2026-2031)
8.4.1 North America Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.2 East Asia Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.3 Europe Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.4 South Asia Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.5 Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.6 Middle East Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.7 Africa Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.8 Oceania Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.9 South America Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.4.10 Rest of the World Special Alumina Production, Revenue Forecast (2026-2031)
8.5 Forecast by Type and by Application (2026-2031)
8.5.1 Global Sales Volume, Sales Revenue and Sales Price Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
8.5.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Application (2026-2031)
9 CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND FORECAST
9.1 North America Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.2 East Asia Market Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Countriy
9.4 South Asia Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.5 Southeast Asia Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.6 Middle East Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.7 Africa Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.8 Oceania Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.9 South America Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
9.10 Rest of the world Forecasted Consumption of Special Alumina by Country
10 MARKETING CHANNEL, DISTRIBUTORS AND CUSTOMERS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Channels
10.1.2 Indirect Channels
11 MARKET DYNAMICS
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities and Drivers
11.3 Challenges
11.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 CONCLUSION
13 APPENDIX
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES
Key Players Covered: Ranking by Special Alumina Revenue 2020-2025
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Type: 2026-2031
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Application: 2026-2031
Special Alumina Production Rank and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Global Special Alumina Manufacturing Plants Distribution and Commercial Production Date
Global Special Alumina Production Capacity by Manufacturers
Global Special Alumina Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Market Special Alumina Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Manufacturers Special Alumina Production Sites and Area Served
Manufacturers Special Alumina Product Type
Global Special Alumina Production by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Production Market Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Consumption by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Consumption Market Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in North America
North America Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in East Asia
East Asia Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Europe
Europe Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in South Asia
South Asia Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Middle East
Middle East Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Africa
Africa Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Oceania
Oceania Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in South America
South America Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Almatis Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Alteo Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
CHALCO Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table Hindalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
SDK Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
ICA Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Nabaltec Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Huber Corporation Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Motim Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Silkem Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Nalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Production Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Revenue Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Price Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Consumption Value Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
North America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
East Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Europe Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
South Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Middle East Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Africa Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Oceania Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
South America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Rest of the world Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Market Key Trends
Key Opportunities and Drivers: Impact Analysis (2026-2031)
Key Challenges
Research Programs/Design for This Report
Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Global Special Alumina Market Share by Type: 2025 VS 2031
Standard Calcined Alumina Features
Tabular Alumina Features
White Fused Alumina Features
Medium Soda Calcined Alumina Features
Low Soda Alumina Features
Others Features
Global Special Alumina Market Share by Application: 2025 VS 2031
Refractory Materials Case Studies
Ceramics Case Studies
Abrasives & Polishing Case Studies
Catalyst Case Studies
Others Case Studies
Special Alumina Report Years Considered
Global Special Alumina Market Status and Outlook (2020-2031)
North America Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
East Asia Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Europe Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
South Asia Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
South America Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Middle East Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Africa Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Oceania Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
South America Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Rest of the World Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue (2020-2031)
Global Special Alumina Production Capacity (2020-2031)
Global Special Alumina Production (2020-2031)
Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Special Alumina in 2025
Manufacturing Process Analysis of Special Alumina
Industry Chain Structure of Special Alumina
Global Special Alumina Production Market Share by Regions in 2025
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2025
North America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
North America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
East Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
East Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Europe Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Europe Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
South Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
South Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Middle East Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Middle East Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Africa Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Africa Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Oceania Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Oceania Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
South America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
South America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Almatis Special Alumina Product Specification
Alteo Special Alumina Product Specification
CHALCO Special Alumina Product Specification
Hindalco Special Alumina Product Specification
Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Product Specification
Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Product Specification
SDK Special Alumina Product Specification
ICA Special Alumina Product Specification
Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Product Specification
Nabaltec Special Alumina Product Specification
Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Product Specification
Huber Corporation Special Alumina Product Specification
Motim Special Alumina Product Specification
Silkem Special Alumina Product Specification
Nalco Special Alumina Product Specification
Global Special Alumina Production Capacity Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2031)
North America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
North America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
East Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
East Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Europe Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Europe Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Middle East Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Middle East Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Africa Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Africa Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Oceania Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Oceania Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Rest of the World Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Rest of the World Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
North America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
East Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Europe Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
South Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Middle East Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Africa Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Oceania Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
South America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Rest of the world Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Channels of Distribution
Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Key Executives Interviewed
Key Players Covered: Ranking by Special Alumina Revenue 2020-2025
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Type: 2026-2031
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Application: 2026-2031
Special Alumina Production Rank and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Global Special Alumina Manufacturing Plants Distribution and Commercial Production Date
Global Special Alumina Production Capacity by Manufacturers
Global Special Alumina Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Global Market Special Alumina Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2020-2025)
Manufacturers Special Alumina Production Sites and Area Served
Manufacturers Special Alumina Product Type
Global Special Alumina Production by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Production Market Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Consumption by Regions (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Consumption Market Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in North America
North America Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in East Asia
East Asia Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Europe
Europe Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in South Asia
South Asia Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Middle East
Middle East Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Africa
Africa Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in Oceania
Oceania Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Key Special Alumina Players Sales Volume in South America
South America Special Alumina Production, Consumption Import and Export
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Almatis Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Alteo Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
CHALCO Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Table Hindalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
SDK Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
ICA Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Nabaltec Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Huber Corporation Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Motim Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Silkem Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Nalco Special Alumina Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Global Special Alumina Production Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Revenue Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Sales Price Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Consumption Value Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
North America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
East Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Europe Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
South Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Middle East Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Africa Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Oceania Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
South America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Rest of the world Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031 by Country
Market Key Trends
Key Opportunities and Drivers: Impact Analysis (2026-2031)
Key Challenges
Research Programs/Design for This Report
Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Global Special Alumina Market Share by Type: 2025 VS 2031
Standard Calcined Alumina Features
Tabular Alumina Features
White Fused Alumina Features
Medium Soda Calcined Alumina Features
Low Soda Alumina Features
Others Features
Global Special Alumina Market Share by Application: 2025 VS 2031
Refractory Materials Case Studies
Ceramics Case Studies
Abrasives & Polishing Case Studies
Catalyst Case Studies
Others Case Studies
Special Alumina Report Years Considered
Global Special Alumina Market Status and Outlook (2020-2031)
North America Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
East Asia Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Europe Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
South Asia Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
South America Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Middle East Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Africa Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Oceania Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
South America Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Rest of the World Special Alumina Revenue (Value) and Growth Rate (2020-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue (2020-2031)
Global Special Alumina Production Capacity (2020-2031)
Global Special Alumina Production (2020-2031)
Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Special Alumina in 2025
Manufacturing Process Analysis of Special Alumina
Industry Chain Structure of Special Alumina
Global Special Alumina Production Market Share by Regions in 2025
Global Special Alumina Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2025
North America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
North America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
East Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
East Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Europe Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Europe Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
South Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
South Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Middle East Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Middle East Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Africa Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Africa Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Oceania Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
Oceania Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
South America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate 2020-2025
South America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate 2020-2025
Almatis Special Alumina Product Specification
Alteo Special Alumina Product Specification
CHALCO Special Alumina Product Specification
Hindalco Special Alumina Product Specification
Jingang New Materials Special Alumina Product Specification
Sumitomo Chemical Special Alumina Product Specification
SDK Special Alumina Product Specification
ICA Special Alumina Product Specification
Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd. Special Alumina Product Specification
Nabaltec Special Alumina Product Specification
Shandong Aopeng Special Alumina Product Specification
Huber Corporation Special Alumina Product Specification
Motim Special Alumina Product Specification
Silkem Special Alumina Product Specification
Nalco Special Alumina Product Specification
Global Special Alumina Production Capacity Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Global Special Alumina Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2031)
North America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
North America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
East Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
East Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Europe Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Europe Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Middle East Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Middle East Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Africa Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Africa Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Oceania Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Oceania Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South America Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
South America Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Rest of the World Special Alumina Production Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
Rest of the World Special Alumina Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2026-2031)
North America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
East Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Europe Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
South Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Southeast Asia Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Middle East Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Africa Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Oceania Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
South America Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Rest of the world Special Alumina Consumption Forecast 2026-2031
Channels of Distribution
Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Key Executives Interviewed
