Presulfurizing Catalyst Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

January 2022 | 72 pages | ID: P1DC2C31E97BEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Presulfurizing Catalyst in global, including the following market information:

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K MT)

Global top five Presulfurizing Catalyst companies in 2021 (%)

The global Presulfurizing Catalyst market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Non Catalytic Activity Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Presulfurizing Catalyst include Porocel, Monachem, Covalent Trading and Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Presulfurizing Catalyst manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Non Catalytic Activity
• Weak Catalytic Activity

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Petroleum Industry
• Chemical Production

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Presulfurizing Catalyst revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Presulfurizing Catalyst revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Presulfurizing Catalyst sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K MT)

Key companies Presulfurizing Catalyst sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Porocel
• Monachem
• Covalent Trading
• Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL PRESULFURIZING CATALYST OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Presulfurizing Catalyst Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Presulfurizing Catalyst Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Presulfurizing Catalyst Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Presulfurizing Catalyst Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Presulfurizing Catalyst Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Presulfurizing Catalyst Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Non Catalytic Activity
  4.1.3 Weak Catalytic Activity
4.2 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Petroleum Industry
  5.1.3 Chemical Production
5.2 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Porocel
  7.1.1 Porocel Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Porocel Business Overview
  7.1.3 Porocel Presulfurizing Catalyst Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Porocel Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Porocel Key News
7.2 Monachem
  7.2.1 Monachem Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Monachem Business Overview
  7.2.3 Monachem Presulfurizing Catalyst Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Monachem Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Monachem Key News
7.3 Covalent Trading
  7.3.1 Covalent Trading Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Covalent Trading Business Overview
  7.3.3 Covalent Trading Presulfurizing Catalyst Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Covalent Trading Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Covalent Trading Key News
7.4 Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry
  7.4.1 Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Business Overview
  7.4.3 Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Presulfurizing Catalyst Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Key News

8 GLOBAL PRESULFURIZING CATALYST PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Presulfurizing Catalyst Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 PRESULFURIZING CATALYST SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Presulfurizing Catalyst Industry Value Chain
10.2 Presulfurizing Catalyst Upstream Market
10.3 Presulfurizing Catalyst Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Presulfurizing Catalyst Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Presulfurizing Catalyst in Global Market
Table 2. Top Presulfurizing Catalyst Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Presulfurizing Catalyst Price (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Presulfurizing Catalyst Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Presulfurizing Catalyst Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Presulfurizing Catalyst Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Porocel Corporate Summary
Table 47. Porocel Presulfurizing Catalyst Product Offerings
Table 48. Porocel Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Monachem Corporate Summary
Table 50. Monachem Presulfurizing Catalyst Product Offerings
Table 51. Monachem Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Covalent Trading Corporate Summary
Table 53. Covalent Trading Presulfurizing Catalyst Product Offerings
Table 54. Covalent Trading Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Corporate Summary
Table 56. Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Presulfurizing Catalyst Product Offerings
Table 57. Panjin XinAnYuan Chemical Industry Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Presulfurizing Catalyst Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K MT)
Table 59. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 60. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K MT)
Table 61. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K MT)
Table 62. Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 63. Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 64. Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 65. Presulfurizing Catalyst Raw Materials
Table 66. Presulfurizing Catalyst Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 67. Typical Presulfurizing Catalyst Downstream
Table 68. Presulfurizing Catalyst Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 69. Presulfurizing Catalyst Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Presulfurizing Catalyst Segment by Type
Figure 2. Presulfurizing Catalyst Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Presulfurizing Catalyst Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Presulfurizing Catalyst Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Presulfurizing Catalyst Production Capacity (K MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Presulfurizing Catalyst by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Presulfurizing Catalyst Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels