Pentetic Acid Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 74 pages | ID: P13875C4FAB6EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Pentetic acid, also known as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), is a synthetic polyamino carboxylic acid with eight coordinate bond forming sites that can sequester metal ions and form highly stable DTPA-metal ion complexes. It can be used in pharmaceutical and industrial etc fields.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Pentetic Acid in global, including the following market information:

Global Pentetic Acid Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Pentetic Acid Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (MT)

Global top five Pentetic Acid companies in 2021 (%)

The global Pentetic Acid market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Purity ?98% Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Pentetic Acid include Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd, Hairui Chemical, Jinjinle Chemical Co, Biosynth Carbosynth and Biophore, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Pentetic Acid manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Pentetic Acid Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)

Global Pentetic Acid Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Purity ?98%
• Purity ?99%

Global Pentetic Acid Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)

Global Pentetic Acid Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Paper Bleaching
• Textile Bleaching
• Color Photographic Materials
• Pharmaceutical

Global Pentetic Acid Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (MT)

Global Pentetic Acid Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Pentetic Acid revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Pentetic Acid revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Pentetic Acid sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (MT)

Key companies Pentetic Acid sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
• Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd
• Hairui Chemical
• Jinjinle Chemical Co
• Biosynth Carbosynth
• Biophore

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Pentetic Acid Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Pentetic Acid Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL PENTETIC ACID OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Pentetic Acid Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Pentetic Acid Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Pentetic Acid Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Pentetic Acid Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Pentetic Acid Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Pentetic Acid Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Pentetic Acid Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Pentetic Acid Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Pentetic Acid Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pentetic Acid Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Pentetic Acid Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pentetic Acid Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Purity ?98%
  4.1.3 Purity ?99%
4.2 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Paper Bleaching
  5.1.3 Textile Bleaching
  5.1.4 Color Photographic Materials
  5.1.5 Pharmaceutical
5.2 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Pentetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
  7.1.1 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Business Overview
  7.1.3 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Pentetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Pentetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Key News
7.2 Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd
  7.2.1 Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Business Overview
  7.2.3 Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Pentetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Pentetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Key News
7.3 Hairui Chemical
  7.3.1 Hairui Chemical Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Hairui Chemical Business Overview
  7.3.3 Hairui Chemical Pentetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Hairui Chemical Pentetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Hairui Chemical Key News
7.4 Jinjinle Chemical Co
  7.4.1 Jinjinle Chemical Co Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Jinjinle Chemical Co Business Overview
  7.4.3 Jinjinle Chemical Co Pentetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Jinjinle Chemical Co Pentetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Jinjinle Chemical Co Key News
7.5 Biosynth Carbosynth
  7.5.1 Biosynth Carbosynth Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Biosynth Carbosynth Business Overview
  7.5.3 Biosynth Carbosynth Pentetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Biosynth Carbosynth Pentetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Biosynth Carbosynth Key News
7.6 Biophore
  7.6.1 Biophore Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Biophore Business Overview
  7.6.3 Biophore Pentetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Biophore Pentetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Biophore Key News

8 GLOBAL PENTETIC ACID PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Pentetic Acid Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Pentetic Acid Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Pentetic Acid Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 PENTETIC ACID SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Pentetic Acid Industry Value Chain
10.2 Pentetic Acid Upstream Market
10.3 Pentetic Acid Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Pentetic Acid Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Pentetic Acid in Global Market
Table 2. Top Pentetic Acid Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Pentetic Acid Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Pentetic Acid Sales by Companies, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Pentetic Acid Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Pentetic Acid Price (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Pentetic Acid Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Pentetic Acid Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Pentetic Acid Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Sales, (MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 47. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Pentetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 48. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Corporate Summary
Table 50. Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Pentetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 51. Lishui Brandt Chemical Co., Ltd Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Hairui Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 53. Hairui Chemical Pentetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 54. Hairui Chemical Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Jinjinle Chemical Co Corporate Summary
Table 56. Jinjinle Chemical Co Pentetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 57. Jinjinle Chemical Co Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Biosynth Carbosynth Corporate Summary
Table 59. Biosynth Carbosynth Pentetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 60. Biosynth Carbosynth Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Biophore Corporate Summary
Table 62. Biophore Pentetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 63. Biophore Pentetic Acid Sales (MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Pentetic Acid Production Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (MT)
Table 65. Global Pentetic Acid Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Pentetic Acid Production by Region, 2017-2022 (MT)
Table 67. Global Pentetic Acid Production by Region, 2023-2028 (MT)
Table 68. Pentetic Acid Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Pentetic Acid Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Pentetic Acid Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Pentetic Acid Raw Materials
Table 72. Pentetic Acid Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Pentetic Acid Downstream
Table 74. Pentetic Acid Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Pentetic Acid Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Pentetic Acid Segment by Type
Figure 2. Pentetic Acid Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Pentetic Acid Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Pentetic Acid Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Pentetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Pentetic Acid Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Pentetic Acid Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Pentetic Acid Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Pentetic Acid Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Pentetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Pentetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Pentetic Acid Production Capacity (MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Pentetic Acid by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Pentetic Acid Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels