Natural Acetic Acid Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 77 pages | ID: N7A937117473EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Natural Acetic Acid is a colourless to slightly yellow liquid. Natural Acetic Acid has a molecular weight of 60.05 and it's molecular formula is C2H4O2.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Natural Acetic Acid in global, including the following market information:

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K MT)

Global top five Natural Acetic Acid companies in 2021 (%)

The global Natural Acetic Acid market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Preservative Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Natural Acetic Acid include Elan Chemical Company, Sucroal, JAINCO TRADING, Parchem and Yi Bang Industry, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Natural Acetic Acid manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market, by Usage, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Segment Percentages, by Usage, 2021 (%)

• Preservative
• Flavoring Agent
• Stabilizer
• Emulsifier
• pH Regulator
• Pharmaceutical Preparations
• Others

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Food & Beverage
• Pharmaceutical
• Industrial
• Others

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Natural Acetic Acid revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Natural Acetic Acid revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Natural Acetic Acid sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K MT)

Key companies Natural Acetic Acid sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Elan Chemical Company
• Sucroal
• JAINCO TRADING
• Parchem
• Yi Bang Industry

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Natural Acetic Acid Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Usage
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL NATURAL ACETIC ACID OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Natural Acetic Acid Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Natural Acetic Acid Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Natural Acetic Acid Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Natural Acetic Acid Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Natural Acetic Acid Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Natural Acetic Acid Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Natural Acetic Acid Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Natural Acetic Acid Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Preservative
  4.1.3 Flavoring Agent
  4.1.4 Stabilizer
  4.1.5 Emulsifier
  4.1.6 pH Regulator
  4.1.7 Pharmaceutical Preparations
  4.1.8 Others
4.2 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Food & Beverage
  5.1.3 Pharmaceutical
  5.1.4 Industrial
  5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Natural Acetic Acid Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Elan Chemical Company
  7.1.1 Elan Chemical Company Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Elan Chemical Company Business Overview
  7.1.3 Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Elan Chemical Company Key News
7.2 Sucroal
  7.2.1 Sucroal Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Sucroal Business Overview
  7.2.3 Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Sucroal Key News
7.3 JAINCO TRADING
  7.3.1 JAINCO TRADING Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 JAINCO TRADING Business Overview
  7.3.3 JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 JAINCO TRADING Key News
7.4 Parchem
  7.4.1 Parchem Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Parchem Business Overview
  7.4.3 Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Parchem Key News
7.5 Yi Bang Industry
  7.5.1 Yi Bang Industry Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Yi Bang Industry Business Overview
  7.5.3 Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Yi Bang Industry Key News

8 GLOBAL NATURAL ACETIC ACID PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 NATURAL ACETIC ACID SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Natural Acetic Acid Industry Value Chain
10.2 Natural Acetic Acid Upstream Market
10.3 Natural Acetic Acid Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Natural Acetic Acid Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Natural Acetic Acid in Global Market
Table 2. Top Natural Acetic Acid Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Natural Acetic Acid Price (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Natural Acetic Acid Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Natural Acetic Acid Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Natural Acetic Acid Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Usage – Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Elan Chemical Company Corporate Summary
Table 47. Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 48. Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Sucroal Corporate Summary
Table 50. Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 51. Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. JAINCO TRADING Corporate Summary
Table 53. JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 54. JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Parchem Corporate Summary
Table 56. Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 57. Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Yi Bang Industry Corporate Summary
Table 59. Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Product Offerings
Table 60. Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K MT)
Table 62. Global Natural Acetic Acid Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 63. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K MT)
Table 64. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K MT)
Table 65. Natural Acetic Acid Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 66. Natural Acetic Acid Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 67. Natural Acetic Acid Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 68. Natural Acetic Acid Raw Materials
Table 69. Natural Acetic Acid Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 70. Typical Natural Acetic Acid Downstream
Table 71. Natural Acetic Acid Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 72. Natural Acetic Acid Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Natural Acetic Acid Segment by Usage
Figure 2. Natural Acetic Acid Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Natural Acetic Acid Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Natural Acetic Acid Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Usage - Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Natural Acetic Acid Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity (K MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Natural Acetic Acid by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Natural Acetic Acid Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels