Nanoimprint Resins Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 78 pages | ID: N6A95709A256EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Nanoimprint Resins in global, including the following market information:

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Tons)

Global top five Nanoimprint Resins companies in 2021 (%)

The global Nanoimprint Resins market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Thermal Imprinting Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Nanoimprint Resins include NTT Advanced Technology, Toyo Gosei, Morphotonics, Scivax, Inkron and Toppan, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Nanoimprint Resins manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Thermal Imprinting
• Optical Imprinting

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Consumer Electronics
• Optical Equipment
• Others

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Nanoimprint Resins revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Nanoimprint Resins revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Nanoimprint Resins sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Tons)

Key companies Nanoimprint Resins sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• NTT Advanced Technology
• Toyo Gosei
• Morphotonics
• Scivax
• Inkron
• Toppan

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Nanoimprint Resins Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL NANOIMPRINT RESINS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Nanoimprint Resins Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Nanoimprint Resins Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Nanoimprint Resins Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Nanoimprint Resins Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Nanoimprint Resins Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Nanoimprint Resins Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Nanoimprint Resins Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Nanoimprint Resins Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Thermal Imprinting
  4.1.3 Optical Imprinting
4.2 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Consumer Electronics
  5.1.3 Optical Equipment
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Nanoimprint Resins Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 NTT Advanced Technology
  7.1.1 NTT Advanced Technology Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 NTT Advanced Technology Business Overview
  7.1.3 NTT Advanced Technology Nanoimprint Resins Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 NTT Advanced Technology Nanoimprint Resins Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 NTT Advanced Technology Key News
7.2 Toyo Gosei
  7.2.1 Toyo Gosei Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Toyo Gosei Business Overview
  7.2.3 Toyo Gosei Nanoimprint Resins Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Toyo Gosei Nanoimprint Resins Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Toyo Gosei Key News
7.3 Morphotonics
  7.3.1 Morphotonics Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Morphotonics Business Overview
  7.3.3 Morphotonics Nanoimprint Resins Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Morphotonics Nanoimprint Resins Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Morphotonics Key News
7.4 Scivax
  7.4.1 Scivax Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Scivax Business Overview
  7.4.3 Scivax Nanoimprint Resins Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Scivax Nanoimprint Resins Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Scivax Key News
7.5 Inkron
  7.5.1 Inkron Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Inkron Business Overview
  7.5.3 Inkron Nanoimprint Resins Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Inkron Nanoimprint Resins Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Inkron Key News
7.6 Toppan
  7.6.1 Toppan Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Toppan Business Overview
  7.6.3 Toppan Nanoimprint Resins Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Toppan Nanoimprint Resins Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Toppan Key News

8 GLOBAL NANOIMPRINT RESINS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Nanoimprint Resins Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Nanoimprint Resins Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Nanoimprint Resins Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 NANOIMPRINT RESINS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Nanoimprint Resins Industry Value Chain
10.2 Nanoimprint Resins Upstream Market
10.3 Nanoimprint Resins Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Nanoimprint Resins Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Nanoimprint Resins in Global Market
Table 2. Top Nanoimprint Resins Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Nanoimprint Resins Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Kg)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Nanoimprint Resins Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Nanoimprint Resins Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Nanoimprint Resins Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 46. NTT Advanced Technology Corporate Summary
Table 47. NTT Advanced Technology Nanoimprint Resins Product Offerings
Table 48. NTT Advanced Technology Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Toyo Gosei Corporate Summary
Table 50. Toyo Gosei Nanoimprint Resins Product Offerings
Table 51. Toyo Gosei Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Morphotonics Corporate Summary
Table 53. Morphotonics Nanoimprint Resins Product Offerings
Table 54. Morphotonics Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Scivax Corporate Summary
Table 56. Scivax Nanoimprint Resins Product Offerings
Table 57. Scivax Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Inkron Corporate Summary
Table 59. Inkron Nanoimprint Resins Product Offerings
Table 60. Inkron Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Toppan Corporate Summary
Table 62. Toppan Nanoimprint Resins Product Offerings
Table 63. Toppan Nanoimprint Resins Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Nanoimprint Resins Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Tons)
Table 65. Global Nanoimprint Resins Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Nanoimprint Resins Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Tons)
Table 67. Global Nanoimprint Resins Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Tons)
Table 68. Nanoimprint Resins Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Nanoimprint Resins Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Nanoimprint Resins Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Nanoimprint Resins Raw Materials
Table 72. Nanoimprint Resins Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Nanoimprint Resins Downstream
Table 74. Nanoimprint Resins Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Nanoimprint Resins Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Nanoimprint Resins Segment by Type
Figure 2. Nanoimprint Resins Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Nanoimprint Resins Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Nanoimprint Resins Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Nanoimprint Resins Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Nanoimprint Resins Price (US$/Kg), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Nanoimprint Resins Price (US$/Kg), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Nanoimprint Resins Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Nanoimprint Resins Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Nanoimprint Resins Production Capacity (Tons), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Nanoimprint Resins by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Nanoimprint Resins Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels