Magnesium Diboride Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2021-2027

March 2021 | 93 pages | ID: M4A932C1146BEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Magnesium Diboride in global, including the following market information:

Global Magnesium Diboride Market Revenue, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, ($ millions)

Global Magnesium Diboride Market Sales, 2016-2021, 2022-2027, (Kg)

Global top five Magnesium Diboride companies in 2020 (%)

The global Magnesium Diboride market was valued at xx million in 2020 and is projected to reach US$ xx million by 2027, at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Magnesium Diboride manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Magnesium Diboride Market, By Type, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (Kg)

Global Magnesium Diboride Market Segment Percentages, By Type, 2020 (%)

• Superconducting Wire
• Superconducting Thin Films

Global Magnesium Diboride Market, By Application, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (Kg)

Global Magnesium Diboride Market Segment Percentages, By Application, 2020 (%)

• Medical
• Energy
• Transportation
• Science

Global Magnesium Diboride Market, By Region and Country, 2016-2021, 2022-2027 ($ Millions) & (Kg)

Global Magnesium Diboride Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2020 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Magnesium Diboride revenues in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Magnesium Diboride revenues share in global market, 2020 (%)

Key companies Magnesium Diboride sales in global market, 2016-2021 (Estimated), (Kg)

Key companies Magnesium Diboride sales share in global market, 2020 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Materion Corporation
• Stanford Advanced Materials
• ESPI
• READE
• Baoding Pengda
• Luoyang Tongrun
• Shanghai Longjin Metallic

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Magnesium Diboride Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Magnesium Diboride Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Magnesium Diboride Market Size: 2021 VS 2027
2.2 Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2016-2027
2.3 Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Consumption): 2016-2027

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Magnesium Diboride Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Magnesium Diboride Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Magnesium Diboride Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Magnesium Diboride Price by Manufacturer (2016-2021)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Magnesium Diboride Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2020
3.7 Global Manufacturers Magnesium Diboride Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Magnesium Diboride Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Magnesium Diboride Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Magnesium Diboride Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2027
  4.1.2 Superconducting Wire
  4.1.3 Superconducting Thin Films
4.2 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2021
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2022-2027
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
4.3 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2021
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2022-2027
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
4.4 By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2021 & 2027
  5.1.2 Medical
  5.1.3 Energy
  5.1.4 Transportation
  5.1.5 Science
5.2 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2021
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2022-2027
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
5.3 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2021
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2022-2027
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
5.4 By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2016-2027

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2021 & 2027
6.2 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2021
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2022-2027
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
6.3 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2021
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2022-2027
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2027
  6.4.3 US Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.4.4 Canada Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.4.5 Mexico Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2027
  6.5.3 Germany Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.4 France Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.5 U.K. Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.6 Italy Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.7 Russia Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.5.9 Benelux Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2027
  6.6.3 China Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.4 Japan Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.5 South Korea Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.6.7 India Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2027
  6.7.3 Brazil Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.7.4 Argentina Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2027
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Sales, 2016-2027
  6.8.3 Turkey Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.4 Israel Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027
  6.8.6 UAE Magnesium Diboride Market Size, 2016-2027

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Materion Corporation
  7.1.1 Materion Corporation Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Materion Corporation Business Overview
  7.1.3 Materion Corporation Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Materion Corporation Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.1.5 Materion Corporation Key News
7.2 Stanford Advanced Materials
  7.2.1 Stanford Advanced Materials Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Stanford Advanced Materials Business Overview
  7.2.3 Stanford Advanced Materials Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Stanford Advanced Materials Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.2.5 Stanford Advanced Materials Key News
7.3 ESPI
  7.3.1 ESPI Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 ESPI Business Overview
  7.3.3 ESPI Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 ESPI Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.3.5 ESPI Key News
7.4 READE
  7.4.1 READE Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 READE Business Overview
  7.4.3 READE Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 READE Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.4.5 READE Key News
7.5 Baoding Pengda
  7.5.1 Baoding Pengda Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Baoding Pengda Business Overview
  7.5.3 Baoding Pengda Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Baoding Pengda Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.5.5 Baoding Pengda Key News
7.6 Luoyang Tongrun
  7.6.1 Luoyang Tongrun Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Luoyang Tongrun Business Overview
  7.6.3 Luoyang Tongrun Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Luoyang Tongrun Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.6.5 Luoyang Tongrun Key News
7.7 Shanghai Longjin Metallic
  7.7.1 Shanghai Longjin Metallic Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Shanghai Longjin Metallic Business Overview
  7.7.3 Shanghai Longjin Metallic Magnesium Diboride Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Shanghai Longjin Metallic Magnesium Diboride Sales and Revenue in Global (2016-2021)
  7.7.5 Shanghai Longjin Metallic Key News

8 GLOBAL MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Magnesium Diboride Production Capacity, 2016-2027
8.2 Magnesium Diboride Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Magnesium Diboride Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Magnesium Diboride Industry Value Chain
10.2 Magnesium Diboride Upstream Market
10.3 Magnesium Diboride Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Magnesium Diboride Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Magnesium Diboride in Global Market
Table 2. Top Magnesium Diboride Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 4. Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 5. Global Magnesium Diboride Sales by Companies, (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 6. Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Share by Companies, 2016-2021
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Magnesium Diboride Price (2016-2021) & (USD/Kg)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Magnesium Diboride Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Magnesium Diboride Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Magnesium Diboride Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2020 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 12. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 13. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 14. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 15. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 16. By Application – Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 17. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 18. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 19. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 20. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 21. By Region – Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2027
Table 22. By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 23. By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 24. By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 25. By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 26. By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 27. By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 28. By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 29. By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 30. By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 31. By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 32. By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 33. By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 34. By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 35. By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 36. By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 37. By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 38. By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 39. By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 40. By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 41. By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2021
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022-2027
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2016-2021
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Sales, (Kg), 2022-2027
Table 46. Materion Corporation Corporate Summary
Table 47. Materion Corporation Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 48. Materion Corporation Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 49. Stanford Advanced Materials Corporate Summary
Table 50. Stanford Advanced Materials Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 51. Stanford Advanced Materials Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 52. ESPI Corporate Summary
Table 53. ESPI Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 54. ESPI Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 55. READE Corporate Summary
Table 56. READE Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 57. READE Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 58. Baoding Pengda Corporate Summary
Table 59. Baoding Pengda Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 60. Baoding Pengda Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 61. Luoyang Tongrun Corporate Summary
Table 62. Luoyang Tongrun Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 63. Luoyang Tongrun Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 64. Shanghai Longjin Metallic Corporate Summary
Table 65. Shanghai Longjin Metallic Magnesium Diboride Product Offerings
Table 66. Shanghai Longjin Metallic Magnesium Diboride Sales (Kg), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2016-2021)
Table 67. Magnesium Diboride Production Capacity (Kg) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2019-2021 (Kg)
Table 68. Global Magnesium Diboride Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2019-2021
Table 69. Global Magnesium Diboride Production by Region, 2016-2021 (Kg)
Table 70. Global Magnesium Diboride Production by Region, 2022-2027 (Kg)
Table 71. Magnesium Diboride Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Magnesium Diboride Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Magnesium Diboride Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Magnesium Diboride Raw Materials
Table 75. Magnesium Diboride Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Magnesium Diboride Downstream
Table 77. Magnesium Diboride Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Magnesium Diboride Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Magnesium Diboride Segment by Type
Figure 2. Magnesium Diboride Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Magnesium Diboride Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Magnesium Diboride Market Size: 2021 VS 2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue, 2016-2027 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Magnesium Diboride Sales in Global Market: 2016-2027 (Kg)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Magnesium Diboride Revenue in 2020
Figure 9. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 10. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 11. By Type - Global Magnesium Diboride Price (USD/Kg), 2016-2027
Figure 12. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 13. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 14. By Application - Global Magnesium Diboride Price (USD/Kg), 2016-2027
Figure 15. By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 16. By Region - Global Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 17. By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 18. By Country - North America Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 19. US Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 20. Canada Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 21. Mexico Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 24. Germany Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 25. France Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 26. U.K. Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 27. Italy Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 28. Russia Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 30. Benelux Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 33. China Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 34. Japan Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 35. South Korea Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 37. India Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 38. By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 39. By Country - South America Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 40. Brazil Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 41. Argentina Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Revenue Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Magnesium Diboride Sales Market Share, 2016-2027
Figure 44. Turkey Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 45. Israel Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 47. UAE Magnesium Diboride Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2016-2027
Figure 48. Global Magnesium Diboride Production Capacity (Kg), 2016-2027
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Magnesium Diboride by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Magnesium Diboride Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels