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Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030

April 2024 | 125 pages | ID: GA2631BB8A1FEN
APO Research

US$ 3,450.00

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Leather is polyvinyl chloride or other resin composition of the mixture with certain additives, coated or laminated on a substrate, and then processed and made of a composite material, it is similar to natural leather, a soft, wear characteristics.The traditional products of PVC Artificial Leather Artificial Leather, in recent years has emerged polyolefin leather, nylon, leather and other new varieties.Synthetic leather (Artificial Leather) refers to the composition, structure and appearance is very similar to natural leather and synthetic leather. It is generally refers to the polyurethane raw material, non-woven fabric as the base material of the products.

According to APO Research, The global PVC Artificial Leather market was estimated at US$ million in 2023 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

China is the largest PVC Artificial Leather market with about 68% market share. Europe is follower, accounting for about 8% market share.

The key players are Mayur, ATS, Sempurnaindah Multinusantara, Decorative Plastic, Wellmark, VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL), Veekay Group, Duksung, LEO VINYLS, Prabhat Industries, NAN YA PLASTICS, Zoncen Chemical, Dongtai Leather, Double Elephant, Wise Star, Jiangsu Guoxin, Xiefu Group, YongDali, Fuyi Plastic, Polytech Group, Huahong, Yong-Yuan Feng etc. Top 3 companies occupied about 4% market share.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for PVC Artificial Leather, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding PVC Artificial Leather.

The PVC Artificial Leather market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global PVC Artificial Leather market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2019-2024. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses. Some of the prominent players reviewed in the research report include:
  • Mayur
  • ATS
  • Sempurnaindah Multinusantara
  • Decorative Plastic
  • Wellmark
  • VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL)
  • Veekay Group
  • Duksung
  • LEO VINYLS
  • Prabhat Industries
  • NAN YA PLASTICS
  • Zoncen Chemical
  • Dongtai Leather
  • Double Elephant
  • Wise Star
  • Jiangsu Guoxin
  • Xiefu Group
  • YongDali
  • Fuyi Plastic
  • Polytech Group
  • Huahong
  • Yong-Yuan Feng
PVC Artificial Leather segment by Type
  • Calender PVC Leather
  • Rotary Screen Coating PVC Artificial Leather
PVC Artificial Leather segment by Application
  • Shoes
  • Bags
  • Flooring Materials
  • Others
PVC Artificial Leather Segment by Region
  • North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • India
  • Australia
  • China Taiwan
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • Malaysia
  • Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global PVC Artificial Leather market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of PVC Artificial Leather and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of PVC Artificial Leather.

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.

Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of PVC Artificial Leather manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of PVC Artificial Leather in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.

Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.

Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.

Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.

Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
  1.2.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  1.2.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.3 PVC Artificial Leather Market by Type
  1.3.1 Calender PVC Leather
  1.3.2 Rotary Screen Coating PVC Artificial Leather
1.4 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Type
  1.4.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Overview by Type (2019-2030)
  1.4.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Historic Market Size Review by Type (2019-2024)
  1.4.3 Global PVC Artificial Leather Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
  1.5.1 North America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.2 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.3 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.4 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.5 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)

2 GLOBAL MARKET DYNAMICS

2.1 PVC Artificial Leather Industry Trends
2.2 PVC Artificial Leather Industry Drivers
2.3 PVC Artificial Leather Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 PVC Artificial Leather Industry Restraints

3 MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE BY COMPANY

3.1 Global Top Players by PVC Artificial Leather Revenue (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Top Players by PVC Artificial Leather Sales (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Top Players by PVC Artificial Leather Price (2019-2024)
3.4 Global PVC Artificial Leather Industry Company Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.5 Global PVC Artificial Leather Key Company Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global PVC Artificial Leather Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global PVC Artificial Leather Company Commercialization Time
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
  3.8.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market CR5 and HHI
  3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 PVC Artificial Leather Players Market Share by Revenue in 2023
  3.8.3 2023 PVC Artificial Leather Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier

4 PVC ARTIFICIAL LEATHER REGIONAL STATUS AND OUTLOOK

4.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Historic Market Size by Region
  4.2.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales in Volume by Region (2019-2024)
  4.2.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales in Value by Region (2019-2024)
  4.2.3 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.3 Global PVC Artificial Leather Forecasted Market Size by Region
  4.3.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales in Volume by Region (2025-2030)
  4.3.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales in Value by Region (2025-2030)
  4.3.3 Global PVC Artificial Leather Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2025-2030)

5 PVC ARTIFICIAL LEATHER BY APPLICATION

5.1 PVC Artificial Leather Market by Application
  5.1.1 Shoes
  5.1.2 Bags
  5.1.3 Flooring Materials
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Application
  5.2.1 Global PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Overview by Application (2019-2030)
  5.2.2 Global PVC Artificial Leather Historic Market Size Review by Application (2019-2024)
  5.2.3 Global PVC Artificial Leather Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
  5.3.1 North America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.2 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.3 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.4 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.5 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)

6 COMPANY PROFILES

6.1 Mayur
  6.1.1 Mayur Comapny Information
  6.1.2 Mayur Business Overview
  6.1.3 Mayur PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.1.4 Mayur PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.1.5 Mayur Recent Developments
6.2 ATS
  6.2.1 ATS Comapny Information
  6.2.2 ATS Business Overview
  6.2.3 ATS PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.2.4 ATS PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.2.5 ATS Recent Developments
6.3 Sempurnaindah Multinusantara
  6.3.1 Sempurnaindah Multinusantara Comapny Information
  6.3.2 Sempurnaindah Multinusantara Business Overview
  6.3.3 Sempurnaindah Multinusantara PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.3.4 Sempurnaindah Multinusantara PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.3.5 Sempurnaindah Multinusantara Recent Developments
6.4 Decorative Plastic
  6.4.1 Decorative Plastic Comapny Information
  6.4.2 Decorative Plastic Business Overview
  6.4.3 Decorative Plastic PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.4.4 Decorative Plastic PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.4.5 Decorative Plastic Recent Developments
6.5 Wellmark
  6.5.1 Wellmark Comapny Information
  6.5.2 Wellmark Business Overview
  6.5.3 Wellmark PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.5.4 Wellmark PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.5.5 Wellmark Recent Developments
6.6 VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL)
  6.6.1 VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL) Comapny Information
  6.6.2 VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL) Business Overview
  6.6.3 VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL) PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.6.4 VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL) PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.6.5 VinyRoyal Plasticoates (VPPL) Recent Developments
6.7 Veekay Group
  6.7.1 Veekay Group Comapny Information
  6.7.2 Veekay Group Business Overview
  6.7.3 Veekay Group PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.7.4 Veekay Group PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.7.5 Veekay Group Recent Developments
6.8 Duksung
  6.8.1 Duksung Comapny Information
  6.8.2 Duksung Business Overview
  6.8.3 Duksung PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.8.4 Duksung PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.8.5 Duksung Recent Developments
6.9 LEO VINYLS
  6.9.1 LEO VINYLS Comapny Information
  6.9.2 LEO VINYLS Business Overview
  6.9.3 LEO VINYLS PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.9.4 LEO VINYLS PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.9.5 LEO VINYLS Recent Developments
6.10 Prabhat Industries
  6.10.1 Prabhat Industries Comapny Information
  6.10.2 Prabhat Industries Business Overview
  6.10.3 Prabhat Industries PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.10.4 Prabhat Industries PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.10.5 Prabhat Industries Recent Developments
6.11 NAN YA PLASTICS
  6.11.1 NAN YA PLASTICS Comapny Information
  6.11.2 NAN YA PLASTICS Business Overview
  6.11.3 NAN YA PLASTICS PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.11.4 NAN YA PLASTICS PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.11.5 NAN YA PLASTICS Recent Developments
6.12 Zoncen Chemical
  6.12.1 Zoncen Chemical Comapny Information
  6.12.2 Zoncen Chemical Business Overview
  6.12.3 Zoncen Chemical PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.12.4 Zoncen Chemical PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.12.5 Zoncen Chemical Recent Developments
6.13 Dongtai Leather
  6.13.1 Dongtai Leather Comapny Information
  6.13.2 Dongtai Leather Business Overview
  6.13.3 Dongtai Leather PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.13.4 Dongtai Leather PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.13.5 Dongtai Leather Recent Developments
6.14 Double Elephant
  6.14.1 Double Elephant Comapny Information
  6.14.2 Double Elephant Business Overview
  6.14.3 Double Elephant PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.14.4 Double Elephant PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.14.5 Double Elephant Recent Developments
6.15 Wise Star
  6.15.1 Wise Star Comapny Information
  6.15.2 Wise Star Business Overview
  6.15.3 Wise Star PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.15.4 Wise Star PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.15.5 Wise Star Recent Developments
6.16 Jiangsu Guoxin
  6.16.1 Jiangsu Guoxin Comapny Information
  6.16.2 Jiangsu Guoxin Business Overview
  6.16.3 Jiangsu Guoxin PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.16.4 Jiangsu Guoxin PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.16.5 Jiangsu Guoxin Recent Developments
6.17 Xiefu Group
  6.17.1 Xiefu Group Comapny Information
  6.17.2 Xiefu Group Business Overview
  6.17.3 Xiefu Group PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.17.4 Xiefu Group PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.17.5 Xiefu Group Recent Developments
6.18 YongDali
  6.18.1 YongDali Comapny Information
  6.18.2 YongDali Business Overview
  6.18.3 YongDali PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.18.4 YongDali PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.18.5 YongDali Recent Developments
6.19 Fuyi Plastic
  6.19.1 Fuyi Plastic Comapny Information
  6.19.2 Fuyi Plastic Business Overview
  6.19.3 Fuyi Plastic PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.19.4 Fuyi Plastic PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.19.5 Fuyi Plastic Recent Developments
6.20 Polytech Group
  6.20.1 Polytech Group Comapny Information
  6.20.2 Polytech Group Business Overview
  6.20.3 Polytech Group PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.20.4 Polytech Group PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.20.5 Polytech Group Recent Developments
6.21 Huahong
  6.21.1 Huahong Comapny Information
  6.21.2 Huahong Business Overview
  6.21.3 Huahong PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.21.4 Huahong PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.21.5 Huahong Recent Developments
6.22 Yong-Yuan Feng
  6.22.1 Yong-Yuan Feng Comapny Information
  6.22.2 Yong-Yuan Feng Business Overview
  6.22.3 Yong-Yuan Feng PVC Artificial Leather Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.22.4 Yong-Yuan Feng PVC Artificial Leather Product Portfolio
  6.22.5 Yong-Yuan Feng Recent Developments

7 NORTH AMERICA BY COUNTRY

7.1 North America PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country
  7.1.1 North America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  7.1.2 North America PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  7.1.3 North America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
7.2 North America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country
  7.2.1 North America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  7.2.2 North America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  7.2.3 North America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

8 EUROPE BY COUNTRY

8.1 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country
  8.1.1 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  8.1.2 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  8.1.3 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8.2 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country
  8.2.1 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  8.2.2 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  8.2.3 Europe PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

9 ASIA-PACIFIC BY COUNTRY

9.1 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country
  9.1.1 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  9.1.2 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  9.1.3 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9.2 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country
  9.2.1 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  9.2.2 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  9.2.3 Asia-Pacific PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

10 LATIN AMERICA BY COUNTRY

10.1 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country
  10.1.1 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  10.1.2 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  10.1.3 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.2 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country
  10.2.1 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  10.2.2 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  10.2.3 Latin America PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

11 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA BY COUNTRY

11.1 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country
  11.1.1 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  11.1.2 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  11.1.3 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11.2 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country
  11.2.1 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  11.2.2 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  11.2.3 Middle East and Africa PVC Artificial Leather Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

12 VALUE CHAIN AND SALES CHANNELS ANALYSIS

12.1 PVC Artificial Leather Value Chain Analysis
  12.1.1 PVC Artificial Leather Key Raw Materials
  12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
  12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  12.1.5 PVC Artificial Leather Production Mode & Process
12.2 PVC Artificial Leather Sales Channels Analysis
  12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  12.2.2 PVC Artificial Leather Distributors
  12.2.3 PVC Artificial Leather Customers

13 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

14 APPENDIX

14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
  14.5.1 Secondary Sources
  14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer


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