Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Industry Research Report 2020, Forecast to 2025

August 2020 | 107 pages | ID: G694C90C3DC4EN
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Abstracts

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 48 hours after order is placed.

The Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema market was valued at US$ xx in 2019, prior to COVID-19. Whereas post-COVID-19 scenario, the market for Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema is projected to grow from US$ xx million in 2020, and is projected to reach xx by 2025, at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period. Projected and forecast revenue values are in constant U.S. dollars, unadjusted for inflation. Product values are estimated based on manufacturers' revenue.

The report offers detailed coverage of Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema industry and main market trends. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography.

In addition to this data, the report provides insight into drivers of market demand and strategies of suppliers. Key players are profiled, and their market shares in the global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema market are discussed.

The market is segmented by types:

• Printer
• Material
• Software
• Service

It can be also divided by applications:

• Prototyping
• Tooling
• Functional Part Manufacturing

And this report covers the historical situation, present status and the future prospects of the global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema market for 2015-2025. In this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, Middle East & Africa, South America.

Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading company.

• 3D Systems
• Voxeljet
• Proto Labs
• Arcam Group
• ExOne
• Materialise
• Optomec
• Stratasys
• SLM Solutions Group
• Envisiontec

Report Includes:

• xx data tables and xx additional tables
• An overview of global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema market
• An detailed key players analysis across regions
• Analyses of global market trends, with historical data, estimates for 2020 and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2025
• Insights into regulatory and environmental developments
• Information on the supply and demand scenario and evaluation of technological and investment opportunities in the Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema market
• Profiles of major players in the industry, including 3D Systems, Voxeljet, Proto Labs, Arcam Group, ExOne.....

Research Objectives

• To study and analyze the global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema consumption (value & volume) by key regions/countries, product type and application, history data from 2015 to 2019, and forecast to 2025.
• To understand the structure of Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema market by identifying its various subsegments.
• Focuses on the key global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
• To analyze the Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
• To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
• To project the consumption of Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
• To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
• To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.

Contents

Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Report 2020, Forecast to 2025

1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.1 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Introduction
1.2 Research Programs
1.3 Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
1.4 Years Considered
1.5 Methodology
1.6 Data Source
1.7 Research Objectives

2 OIL & GAS AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMA INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

2.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2020-2025)
  2.1.1 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Global Import Market Analysis
  2.1.2 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Global Export Market Analysis
  2.1.3 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Global Main Region Market Analysis
2.2 Market Analysis by Type
  2.2.1 Printer
  2.2.2 Material
  2.2.3 Software
  2.2.4 Service
2.3 Market Analysis by Application
  2.3.1 Prototyping
  2.3.2 Tooling
  2.3.3 Functional Part Manufacturing
2.4 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer
  2.4.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
  2.4.2 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
  2.4.3 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
  2.4.4 Top 5 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Manufacturer Market Share
  2.4.5 Top 10 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Manufacturer Market Share
  2.4.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market
  2.4.7 Key Manufacturers Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Offered
  2.4.8 Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
2.5 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Historical Development Overview
2.6 Market Dynamics
  2.6.1 Market Opportunities
  2.6.2 Market Risk
  2.6.3 Market Driving Force
  2.6.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
2.7 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Industry Impact
  2.7.1 How the Covid-19 is Affecting the Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Industry
  2.7.2 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Business Impact Assessment - Covid-19
  2.7.3 Market Trends and Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape
  2.7.4 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19

3 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS

3.1 Upstream Analysis
  3.1.1 Macro Analysis of Upstream Markets
  3.1.2 Key Players in Upstream Markets
  3.1.3 Upstream Market Trend Analysis
  3.1.4 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Manufacturing Cost Analysis
3.2 Downstream Market Analysis
  3.2.1 Macro Analysis of Down Markets
  3.2.2 Key Players in Down Markets
  3.2.3 Downstream Market Trend Analysis
  3.2.4 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers

4 GLOBAL OIL & GAS AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMA MARKET SIZE CATEGORIZED BY REGIONS (2015-2020)

4.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Region
4.2 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
4.3 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.4 North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Size Detail
  4.4.1 North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  4.4.2 North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.5 Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Size Detail
  4.5.1 Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  4.5.2 Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.6 Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Size Detail
  4.6.1 Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  4.6.2 Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
4.7 China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Size Detail
  4.7.1 China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  4.7.2 China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

5 GLOBAL OIL & GAS AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMA MARKET SEGMENT BY TYPE

5.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue, Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
  5.1.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
  5.1.2 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
5.2 Printer Sales Growth Rate and Price
  5.2.1 Global Printer Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  5.2.2 Global Printer Price (2015-2020)
5.3 Material Sales Growth Rate and Price
  5.3.1 Global Material Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  5.3.2 Global Material Price (2015-2020)
5.4 Software Sales Growth Rate and Price
  5.4.1 Global Software Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  5.4.2 Global Software Price (2015-2020)
5.5 Service Sales Growth Rate and Price
  5.5.1 Global Service Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
  5.5.2 Global Service Price (2015-2020)

6 GLOBAL OIL & GAS AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMA MARKET SEGMENT BY APPLICATION

6.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control SystemaSales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
6.2 Prototyping Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.3 Tooling Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6.4 Functional Part Manufacturing Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7 GLOBAL OIL & GAS AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMA MARKET FORECAST

7.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue Forecast
  7.1.1 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.1.2 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.1.3 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2025)
7.2 Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
  7.2.1 North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.2.2 Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.2.3 Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)
  7.2.4 China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Revenue Forecast (2020-2025)

8 ANALYSIS OF OIL & GAS AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMA INDUSTRY KEY MANUFACTURERS

8.1 3D Systems
  8.1.1 Company Details
  8.1.2 Product Information
  8.1.3 3D Systems Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.1.4 Main Business Overview
  8.1.5 3D Systems News
8.2 Voxeljet
  8.2.1 Company Details
  8.2.2 Product Information
  8.2.3 Voxeljet Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.2.4 Main Business Overview
  8.2.5 Voxeljet News
8.3 Proto Labs
  8.3.1 Company Details
  8.3.2 Product Information
  8.3.3 Proto Labs Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.3.4 Main Business Overview
  8.3.5 Proto Labs News
8.4 Arcam Group
  8.4.1 Company Details
  8.4.2 Product Information
  8.4.3 Arcam Group Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.4.4 Main Business Overview
  8.4.5 Arcam Group News
8.5 ExOne
  8.5.1 Company Details
  8.5.2 Product Information
  8.5.3 ExOne Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.5.4 Main Business Overview
  8.5.5 ExOne News
8.6 Materialise
  8.6.1 Company Details
  8.6.2 Product Information
  8.6.3 Materialise Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.6.4 Main Business Overview
  8.6.5 Materialise News
8.7 Optomec
  8.7.1 Company Details
  8.7.2 Product Information
  8.7.3 Optomec Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.7.4 Main Business Overview
  8.7.5 Optomec News
8.8 Stratasys
  8.8.1 Company Details
  8.8.2 Product Information
  8.8.3 Stratasys Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.8.4 Main Business Overview
  8.8.5 Stratasys News
8.9 SLM Solutions Group
  8.9.1 Company Details
  8.9.2 Product Information
  8.9.3 SLM Solutions Group Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.9.4 Main Business Overview
  8.9.5 SLM Solutions Group News
8.10 Envisiontec
  8.10.1 Company Details
  8.10.2 Product Information
  8.10.3 Envisiontec Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Cost, Gross Margin, and Revenue (2018-2020)
  8.10.4 Main Business Overview
  8.10.5 Envisiontec News

9 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

10 APPENDIX

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Picture
Figure Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market by Regions (2019)
Table Global Market Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Comparison by Regions (M USD) 2019-2025
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Growth (CAGR) (2019-2025) by Type
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema by Type in 2019
Figure Printer Picture
Figure Material Picture
Figure Software Picture
Figure Service Picture
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales by Application (2019-2025)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Prototyping Picture
Figure Tooling Picture
Figure Functional Part Manufacturing Picture
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2019
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2019
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Figure Top 5 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2019
Figure Top 10 Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2019
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market
Table Key Manufacturers Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions Planning
Table Market Opportunities in Next Few Years
Table Market Risks Analysis
Table Market Drivers
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Table Key Raw Materials
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema
Table Key Players of Upstream Markets
Figure Sales Channel
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) by Region (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2019)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Region in 2018
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue (Million US$) by Region (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Region in 2019
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue Market Share by Type in 2019
Figure Global Printer Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Printer Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Material Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Material Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Software Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Software Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Service Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Service Price (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales by Application (2015-2020)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Global Prototyping Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Tooling Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Functional Part Manufacturing Sales Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Price and Trend Forecast (2020-2025)
Table Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
Figure Global Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2020-2025)
Figure North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure North America Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Japan Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure China Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Revenue (Million US$) Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Table 3D Systems Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of 3D Systems
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure 3D Systems Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table 3D Systems Main Business
Table 3D Systems Recent Development
Table Voxeljet Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Voxeljet
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Voxeljet Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Voxeljet Main Business
Table Voxeljet Recent Development
Table Proto Labs Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Proto Labs
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Proto Labs Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Proto Labs Main Business
Table Proto Labs Recent Development
Table Arcam Group Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Arcam Group
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Arcam Group Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Arcam Group Main Business
Table Arcam Group Recent Development
Table ExOne Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of ExOne
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure ExOne Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table ExOne Main Business
Table ExOne Recent Development
Table Materialise Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Materialise
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Materialise Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Materialise Main Business
Table Materialise Recent Development
Table Optomec Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Optomec
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Optomec Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Optomec Main Business
Table Optomec Recent Development
Table Stratasys Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Stratasys
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Stratasys Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Stratasys Main Business
Table Stratasys Recent Development
Table SLM Solutions Group Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of SLM Solutions Group
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure SLM Solutions Group Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table SLM Solutions Group Main Business
Table SLM Solutions Group Recent Development
Table Envisiontec Company Profile
Figure Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Product Picture and Specifications of Envisiontec
Table Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Production, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin of 2018-2020
Figure Envisiontec Oil & Gas Automation & Control Systema Market Share (2018-2020)
Table Envisiontec Main Business
Table Envisiontec Recent Development
Table of Appendix