Global French Drain Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2026-2032

June 2026 | 95 pages | ID: G4DB2132D307EN
LP Information

Abstracts

The global French Drain market size is predicted to grow from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million in 2032; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of %from 2026 to 2032.

French drains are designed to efficiently collect and channel rainwater. They are widely used in residential areas and along roadways.

These drainage systems are categorized based on their location: those that manage rainwater from rooftops and those handling runoff on roads. Moreover, French drains come in two system types: infiltration and non-infiltration, with some regions offering subsidies for the former type.

United States market for French Drain is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % from 2026 through 2032.

China market for French Drain is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % from 2026 through 2032.

Europe market for French Drain is estimated to increase from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million by 2032, at a CAGR of % from 2026 through 2032.

Global key French Drain players cover NDS, Inc., Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing, ABG Limited, Jiangsu Polycon, Geofabrics Australasia, etc. In terms of revenue, the global two largest companies occupied for a share nearly % in 2025.

LPI (LP Information)' newest research report, the ?French Drain Industry Forecast? looks at past sales and reviews total world French Drain sales in 2025, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected French Drain sales for 2026 through 2032. With French Drain sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world French Drain industry.

This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global French Drain landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyses the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on French Drain portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms? unique position in an accelerating global French Drain market.

This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for French Drain and breaks down the forecast by Type, by Application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global French Drain.

This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of French Drain market by product type, application, key players and key regions and countries.

Segmentation by Type:

• Infiltration
• Non-infiltration

Segmentation by Application:

• Residential Area
• Commercial Area
• Others

This report also splits the market by region:

• Americas
• United States
• Canada
• Mexico
• Brazil
• APAC
• China
• Japan
• Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Australia
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• UK
• Italy
• Russia
• Middle East & Africa
• Egypt
• South Africa
• Israel
• Turkey
• GCC Countries

The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.

• NDS, Inc.
• Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing
• ABG Limited
• Jiangsu Polycon
• Geofabrics Australasia
• RotoTank
• Finish Grade Excavation
• SA DAMP
• VAMAC, Inc

Contents

1 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1 World Market Overview
  2.1.1 Global French Drain Market Size (2021-2032)
  2.1.2 French Drain Market Size CAGR by Region (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
  2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for French Drain by Country/Region (2021, 2025 & 2032)
2.2 French Drain Segment by Type
  2.2.1 Infiltration
  2.2.2 Non-infiltration
  2.2.3 French Drain Market Size by Type
    2.2.3.1 French Drain Market Size CAGR by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
    2.2.3.2 Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
2.3 French Drain Segment by Application
  2.3.1 Residential Area
  2.3.2 Commercial Area
  2.3.3 Others
  2.3.4 French Drain Market Size by Application
    2.3.4.1 French Drain Market Size CAGR by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032)
    2.3.4.2 Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)

3 FRENCH DRAIN MARKET SIZE BY PLAYER

3.1 French Drain Market Size Market Share by Player
  3.1.1 Global French Drain Revenue by Player (2021-2026)
  3.1.2 Global French Drain Revenue Market Share by Player (2021-2026)
3.2 Global French Drain Key Players Head office and Products Offered
3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
  3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
  3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 FRENCH DRAIN BY REGION

4.1 French Drain Market Size by Region (2021-2026)
4.2 Global French Drain Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026)
4.3 Americas French Drain Market Size Growth (2021-2026)
4.4 APAC French Drain Market Size Growth (2021-2026)
4.5 Europe French Drain Market Size Growth (2021-2026)
4.6 Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size Growth (2021-2026)

5 AMERICAS

5.1 Americas French Drain Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
5.2 Americas French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
5.3 Americas French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC French Drain Market Size by Region (2021-2026)
6.2 APAC French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
6.3 APAC French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia

7 EUROPE

7.1 Europe French Drain Market Size by Country (2021-2026)
7.2 Europe French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
7.3 Europe French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia

8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

8.1 Middle East & Africa French Drain by Region (2021-2026)
8.2 Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026)
8.3 Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries

9 MARKET DRIVERS, CHALLENGES AND TRENDS

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends

10 GLOBAL FRENCH DRAIN MARKET FORECAST

10.1 Global French Drain Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.1.1 Global French Drain Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.1.2 Americas French Drain Forecast
  10.1.3 APAC French Drain Forecast
  10.1.4 Europe French Drain Forecast
  10.1.5 Middle East & Africa French Drain Forecast
10.2 Americas French Drain Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  10.2.1 United States Market French Drain Forecast
  10.2.2 Canada Market French Drain Forecast
  10.2.3 Mexico Market French Drain Forecast
  10.2.4 Brazil Market French Drain Forecast
10.3 APAC French Drain Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.3.1 China French Drain Market Forecast
  10.3.2 Japan Market French Drain Forecast
  10.3.3 Korea Market French Drain Forecast
  10.3.4 Southeast Asia Market French Drain Forecast
  10.3.5 India Market French Drain Forecast
  10.3.6 Australia Market French Drain Forecast
10.4 Europe French Drain Forecast by Country (2027-2032)
  10.4.1 Germany Market French Drain Forecast
  10.4.2 France Market French Drain Forecast
  10.4.3 UK Market French Drain Forecast
  10.4.4 Italy Market French Drain Forecast
  10.4.5 Russia Market French Drain Forecast
10.5 Middle East & Africa French Drain Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
  10.5.1 Egypt Market French Drain Forecast
  10.5.2 South Africa Market French Drain Forecast
  10.5.3 Israel Market French Drain Forecast
  10.5.4 Turkey Market French Drain Forecast
10.6 Global French Drain Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
10.7 Global French Drain Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
  10.7.1 GCC Countries Market French Drain Forecast

11 KEY PLAYERS ANALYSIS

11.1 NDS, Inc.
  11.1.1 NDS, Inc. Company Information
  11.1.2 NDS, Inc. French Drain Product Offered
  11.1.3 NDS, Inc. French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.1.4 NDS, Inc. Main Business Overview
  11.1.5 NDS, Inc. Latest Developments
11.2 Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing
  11.2.1 Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing Company Information
  11.2.2 Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing French Drain Product Offered
  11.2.3 Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.2.4 Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing Main Business Overview
  11.2.5 Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing Latest Developments
11.3 ABG Limited
  11.3.1 ABG Limited Company Information
  11.3.2 ABG Limited French Drain Product Offered
  11.3.3 ABG Limited French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.3.4 ABG Limited Main Business Overview
  11.3.5 ABG Limited Latest Developments
11.4 Jiangsu Polycon
  11.4.1 Jiangsu Polycon Company Information
  11.4.2 Jiangsu Polycon French Drain Product Offered
  11.4.3 Jiangsu Polycon French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.4.4 Jiangsu Polycon Main Business Overview
  11.4.5 Jiangsu Polycon Latest Developments
11.5 Geofabrics Australasia
  11.5.1 Geofabrics Australasia Company Information
  11.5.2 Geofabrics Australasia French Drain Product Offered
  11.5.3 Geofabrics Australasia French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.5.4 Geofabrics Australasia Main Business Overview
  11.5.5 Geofabrics Australasia Latest Developments
11.6 RotoTank
  11.6.1 RotoTank Company Information
  11.6.2 RotoTank French Drain Product Offered
  11.6.3 RotoTank French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.6.4 RotoTank Main Business Overview
  11.6.5 RotoTank Latest Developments
11.7 Finish Grade Excavation
  11.7.1 Finish Grade Excavation Company Information
  11.7.2 Finish Grade Excavation French Drain Product Offered
  11.7.3 Finish Grade Excavation French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.7.4 Finish Grade Excavation Main Business Overview
  11.7.5 Finish Grade Excavation Latest Developments
11.8 SA DAMP
  11.8.1 SA DAMP Company Information
  11.8.2 SA DAMP French Drain Product Offered
  11.8.3 SA DAMP French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.8.4 SA DAMP Main Business Overview
  11.8.5 SA DAMP Latest Developments
11.9 VAMAC, Inc
  11.9.1 VAMAC, Inc Company Information
  11.9.2 VAMAC, Inc French Drain Product Offered
  11.9.3 VAMAC, Inc French Drain Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
  11.9.4 VAMAC, Inc Main Business Overview
  11.9.5 VAMAC, Inc Latest Developments

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. French Drain Market Size CAGR by Region (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 2. French Drain Annual Sales CAGR by Country/Region (2021, 2025 & 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 3. Major Players of Infiltration
Table 4. Major Players of Non-infiltration
Table 5. French Drain Market Size CAGR by Type (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 6. Global French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 7. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Table 8. French Drain Market Size CAGR by Application (2021 VS 2025 VS 2032) & ($ millions)
Table 9. Global French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 10. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Table 11. Global French Drain Revenue by Player (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 12. Global French Drain Revenue Market Share by Player (2021-2026)
Table 13. French Drain Key Players Head office and Products Offered
Table 14. French Drain Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2024-2026)
Table 15. New Products and Potential Entrants
Table 16. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 17. Global French Drain Market Size by Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 18. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Table 19. Global French Drain Revenue by Country/Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 20. Global French Drain Revenue Market Share by Country/Region (2021-2026)
Table 21. Americas French Drain Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 22. Americas French Drain Market Size Market Share by Country (2021-2026)
Table 23. Americas French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 24. Americas French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Table 25. Americas French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 26. Americas French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Table 27. APAC French Drain Market Size by Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 28. APAC French Drain Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Table 29. APAC French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 30. APAC French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 31. Europe French Drain Market Size by Country (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 32. Europe French Drain Market Size Market Share by Country (2021-2026)
Table 33. Europe French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 34. Europe French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 35. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size by Region (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 36. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size by Type (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 37. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size by Application (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Table 38. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of French Drain
Table 39. Key Market Challenges & Risks of French Drain
Table 40. Key Industry Trends of French Drain
Table 41. Global French Drain Market Size Forecast by Region (2027-2032) & ($ millions)
Table 42. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share Forecast by Region (2027-2032)
Table 43. Global French Drain Market Size Forecast by Type (2027-2032) & ($ millions)
Table 44. Global French Drain Market Size Forecast by Application (2027-2032) & ($ millions)
Table 45. NDS, Inc. Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 46. NDS, Inc. French Drain Product Offered
Table 47. NDS, Inc. French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 48. NDS, Inc. Main Business
Table 49. NDS, Inc. Latest Developments
Table 50. Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 51. Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing French Drain Product Offered
Table 52. Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 53. Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing Main Business
Table 54. Bowman Masonry & Waterproofing Latest Developments
Table 55. ABG Limited Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 56. ABG Limited French Drain Product Offered
Table 57. ABG Limited French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 58. ABG Limited Main Business
Table 59. ABG Limited Latest Developments
Table 60. Jiangsu Polycon Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 61. Jiangsu Polycon French Drain Product Offered
Table 62. Jiangsu Polycon French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 63. Jiangsu Polycon Main Business
Table 64. Jiangsu Polycon Latest Developments
Table 65. Geofabrics Australasia Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 66. Geofabrics Australasia French Drain Product Offered
Table 67. Geofabrics Australasia French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 68. Geofabrics Australasia Main Business
Table 69. Geofabrics Australasia Latest Developments
Table 70. RotoTank Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 71. RotoTank French Drain Product Offered
Table 72. RotoTank French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 73. RotoTank Main Business
Table 74. RotoTank Latest Developments
Table 75. Finish Grade Excavation Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 76. Finish Grade Excavation French Drain Product Offered
Table 77. Finish Grade Excavation French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 78. Finish Grade Excavation Main Business
Table 79. Finish Grade Excavation Latest Developments
Table 80. SA DAMP Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 81. SA DAMP French Drain Product Offered
Table 82. SA DAMP French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 83. SA DAMP Main Business
Table 84. SA DAMP Latest Developments
Table 85. VAMAC, Inc Details, Company Type, French Drain Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 86. VAMAC, Inc French Drain Product Offered
Table 87. VAMAC, Inc French Drain Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2021-2026)
Table 88. VAMAC, Inc Main Business
Table 89. VAMAC, Inc Latest Developments

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. French Drain Report Years Considered
Figure 2. Research Objectives
Figure 3. Research Methodology
Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source
Figure 5. Global French Drain Market Size Growth Rate (2021-2032) ($ millions)
Figure 6. French Drain Sales by Geographic Region (2021, 2025 & 2032) & ($ millions)
Figure 7. French Drain Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2025)
Figure 8. French Drain Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2021, 2025 & 2032)
Figure 9. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type in 2025
Figure 10. French Drain in Residential Area
Figure 11. Global French Drain Market: Residential Area (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 12. French Drain in Commercial Area
Figure 13. Global French Drain Market: Commercial Area (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 14. French Drain in Others
Figure 15. Global French Drain Market: Others (2021-2026) & ($ millions)
Figure 16. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application in 2025
Figure 17. Global French Drain Revenue Market Share by Player in 2025
Figure 18. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Figure 19. Americas French Drain Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 20. APAC French Drain Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 21. Europe French Drain Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 22. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 23. Americas French Drain Value Market Share by Country in 2025
Figure 24. United States French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 25. Canada French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 26. Mexico French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 27. Brazil French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 28. APAC French Drain Market Size Market Share by Region in 2025
Figure 29. APAC French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 30. APAC French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 31. China French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 32. Japan French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 33. South Korea French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 34. Southeast Asia French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 35. India French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 36. Australia French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 37. Europe French Drain Market Size Market Share by Country in 2025
Figure 38. Europe French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 39. Europe French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 40. Germany French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 41. France French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 42. UK French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 43. Italy French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 44. Russia French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Figure 46. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size Market Share by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 47. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size Market Share by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 48. Egypt French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 49. South Africa French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 50. Israel French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 51. Turkey French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 52. GCC Countries French Drain Market Size Growth 2021-2026 ($ millions)
Figure 53. Americas French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 54. APAC French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 55. Europe French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 56. Middle East & Africa French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 57. United States French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 58. Canada French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 59. Mexico French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 60. Brazil French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 61. China French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 62. Japan French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 63. Korea French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 64. Southeast Asia French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 65. India French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 66. Australia French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 67. Germany French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 68. France French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 69. UK French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 70. Italy French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 71. Russia French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 72. Egypt French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 73. South Africa French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 74. Israel French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 75. Turkey French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)
Figure 76. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2027-2032)
Figure 77. Global French Drain Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2027-2032)
Figure 78. GCC Countries French Drain Market Size 2027-2032 ($ millions)