[email protected] +44 20 8123 2220 (UK) +1 732 587 5005 (US) Contact Us | FAQ |

Global Dichloroethane Market Research Report 2024(Status and Outlook)

April 2024 | 102 pages | ID: G1642D365F4AEN
Bosson Research

US$ 2,800.00

E-mail Delivery (PDF)

Download PDF Leaflet

Accepted cards
Wire Transfer
Checkout Later
Need Help? Ask a Question
Report Overview

Dichloroethane (DCE) is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour.

This report provides a deep insight into the global Dichloroethane market covering all its essential aspects. This ranges from a macro overview of the market to micro details of the market size, competitive landscape, development trend, niche market, key market drivers and challenges, SWOT analysis, value chain analysis, etc.

The analysis helps the reader to shape the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. Furthermore, it provides a simple framework for evaluating and accessing the position of the business organization. The report structure also focuses on the competitive landscape of the Global Dichloroethane Market, this report introduces in detail the market share, market performance, product situation, operation situation, etc. of the main players, which helps the readers in the industry to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

In a word, this report is a must-read for industry players, investors, researchers, consultants, business strategists, and all those who have any kind of stake or are planning to foray into the Dichloroethane market in any manner.

Global Dichloroethane Market: Market Segmentation Analysis

The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments.

Key Company

Oxy

Formosa Plastics Corporation

Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd.

Market Segmentation (by Type)

Guaranteed Reagent

Analytical Reagent

Chemically Pure

Market Segmentation (by Application)

Residential Buildings

Non-residential Buildings

Geographic Segmentation
  • North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)
  • Europe (Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)
  • Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
  • South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Rest of South America)
  • The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA)
Key Benefits of This Market Research:
  • Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study
  • Neutral perspective on the market performance
  • Recent industry trends and developments
  • Competitive landscape & strategies of key players
  • Potential & niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered
  • Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value
  • In-depth analysis of the Dichloroethane Market
  • Overview of the regional outlook of the Dichloroethane Market:
Key Reasons to Buy this Report:
  • Access to date statistics compiled by our researchers. These provide you with historical and forecast data, which is analyzed to tell you why your market is set to change
  • This enables you to anticipate market changes to remain ahead of your competitors
  • You will be able to copy data from the Excel spreadsheet straight into your marketing plans, business presentations, or other strategic documents
  • The concise analysis, clear graph, and table format will enable you to pinpoint the information you require quickly
  • Provision of market value (USD Billion) data for each segment and sub-segment
  • Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
  • Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
  • Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
  • Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
  • The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry concerning recent developments which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
  • Includes in-depth analysis of the market from various perspectives through Porter’s five forces analysis
  • Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
  • Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
  • 6-month post-sales analyst support
Customization of the Report

In case of any queries or customization requirements, please connect with our sales team, who will ensure that your requirements are met.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1 mainly introduces the statistical scope of the report, market division standards, and market research methods.

Chapter 2 is an executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the Dichloroethane Market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.

Chapter 3 makes a detailed analysis of the market's competitive landscape of the market and provides the market share, capacity, output, price, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information of the main manufacturers in the market.

Chapter 4 is the analysis of the whole market industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry, as well as Porter's five forces analysis.

Chapter 5 introduces the latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 6 provides the analysis of various market segments according to product types, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 7 provides the analysis of various market segments according to application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 8 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.

Chapter 9 introduces the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales revenue, sales volume, price, gross profit margin, market share, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 10 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next five years.

Chapter 11 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each market segment (product type and application) in the next five years.

Chapter 12 is the main points and conclusions of the report.
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICAL SCOPE

1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of Dichloroethane
1.2 Key Market Segments
  1.2.1 Dichloroethane Segment by Type
  1.2.2 Dichloroethane Segment by Application
1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.3.1 Research Methodology
  1.3.2 Research Process
  1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
  1.3.4 Base Year
  1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 DICHLOROETHANE MARKET OVERVIEW

2.1 Global Market Overview
  2.1.1 Global Dichloroethane Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  2.1.2 Global Dichloroethane Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary
2.3 Global Market Size by Region

3 DICHLOROETHANE MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

3.1 Global Dichloroethane Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Dichloroethane Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
3.3 Dichloroethane Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.4 Global Dichloroethane Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
3.5 Manufacturers Dichloroethane Sales Sites, Area Served, Product Type
3.6 Dichloroethane Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  3.6.1 Dichloroethane Market Concentration Rate
  3.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Dichloroethane Players Market Share by Revenue
  3.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 DICHLOROETHANE INDUSTRY CHAIN ANALYSIS

4.1 Dichloroethane Industry Chain Analysis
4.2 Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Midstream Market Analysis
4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis

5 THE DEVELOPMENT AND DYNAMICS OF DICHLOROETHANE MARKET

5.1 Key Development Trends
5.2 Driving Factors
5.3 Market Challenges
5.4 Market Restraints
5.5 Industry News
  5.5.1 New Product Developments
  5.5.2 Mergers & Acquisitions
  5.5.3 Expansions
  5.5.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts
5.6 Industry Policies

6 DICHLOROETHANE MARKET SEGMENTATION BY TYPE

6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
6.2 Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
6.3 Global Dichloroethane Market Size Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
6.4 Global Dichloroethane Price by Type (2019-2024)

7 DICHLOROETHANE MARKET SEGMENTATION BY APPLICATION

7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
7.2 Global Dichloroethane Market Sales by Application (2019-2024)
7.3 Global Dichloroethane Market Size (M USD) by Application (2019-2024)
7.4 Global Dichloroethane Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2024)

8 DICHLOROETHANE MARKET SEGMENTATION BY REGION

8.1 Global Dichloroethane Sales by Region
  8.1.1 Global Dichloroethane Sales by Region
  8.1.2 Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Region
8.2 North America
  8.2.1 North America Dichloroethane Sales by Country
  8.2.2 U.S.
  8.2.3 Canada
  8.2.4 Mexico
8.3 Europe
  8.3.1 Europe Dichloroethane Sales by Country
  8.3.2 Germany
  8.3.3 France
  8.3.4 U.K.
  8.3.5 Italy
  8.3.6 Russia
8.4 Asia Pacific
  8.4.1 Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Sales by Region
  8.4.2 China
  8.4.3 Japan
  8.4.4 South Korea
  8.4.5 India
  8.4.6 Southeast Asia
8.5 South America
  8.5.1 South America Dichloroethane Sales by Country
  8.5.2 Brazil
  8.5.3 Argentina
  8.5.4 Columbia
8.6 Middle East and Africa
  8.6.1 Middle East and Africa Dichloroethane Sales by Region
  8.6.2 Saudi Arabia
  8.6.3 UAE
  8.6.4 Egypt
  8.6.5 Nigeria
  8.6.6 South Africa

9 KEY COMPANIES PROFILE

9.1 Oxy
  9.1.1 Oxy Dichloroethane Basic Information
  9.1.2 Oxy Dichloroethane Product Overview
  9.1.3 Oxy Dichloroethane Product Market Performance
  9.1.4 Oxy Business Overview
  9.1.5 Oxy Dichloroethane SWOT Analysis
  9.1.6 Oxy Recent Developments
9.2 Formosa Plastics Corporation
  9.2.1 Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane Basic Information
  9.2.2 Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane Product Overview
  9.2.3 Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane Product Market Performance
  9.2.4 Formosa Plastics Corporation Business Overview
  9.2.5 Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane SWOT Analysis
  9.2.6 Formosa Plastics Corporation Recent Developments
9.3 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd.
  9.3.1 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane Basic Information
  9.3.2 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane Product Overview
  9.3.3 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane Product Market Performance
  9.3.4 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane SWOT Analysis
  9.3.5 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Business Overview
  9.3.6 Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Recent Developments

10 DICHLOROETHANE MARKET FORECAST BY REGION

10.1 Global Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast
10.2 Global Dichloroethane Market Forecast by Region
  10.2.1 North America Market Size Forecast by Country
  10.2.2 Europe Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Country
  10.2.3 Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Region
  10.2.4 South America Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Country
  10.2.5 Middle East and Africa Forecasted Consumption of Dichloroethane by Country

11 FORECAST MARKET BY TYPE AND BY APPLICATION (2025-2030)

11.1 Global Dichloroethane Market Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
  11.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Dichloroethane by Type (2025-2030)
  11.1.2 Global Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
  11.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Dichloroethane by Type (2025-2030)
11.2 Global Dichloroethane Market Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
  11.2.1 Global Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) Forecast by Application
  11.2.2 Global Dichloroethane Market Size (M USD) Forecast by Application (2025-2030)

12 CONCLUSION AND KEY FINDINGS

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Introduction of the Type
Table 2. Introduction of the Application
Table 3. Market Size (M USD) Segment Executive Summary
Table 4. Dichloroethane Market Size Comparison by Region (M USD)
Table 5. Global Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Dichloroethane Revenue (M USD) by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Dichloroethane Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Dichloroethane as of 2022)
Table 10. Global Market Dichloroethane Average Price (USD/Ton) of Key Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Dichloroethane Sales Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Dichloroethane Product Type
Table 13. Global Dichloroethane Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Industry Chain Map of Dichloroethane
Table 16. Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
Table 17. Midstream Market Analysis
Table 18. Downstream Customer Analysis
Table 19. Key Development Trends
Table 20. Driving Factors
Table 21. Dichloroethane Market Challenges
Table 22. Global Dichloroethane Sales by Type (Kilotons)
Table 23. Global Dichloroethane Market Size by Type (M USD)
Table 24. Global Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 25. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Dichloroethane Market Size (M USD) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 27. Global Dichloroethane Market Size Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 28. Global Dichloroethane Price (USD/Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 29. Global Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) by Application
Table 30. Global Dichloroethane Market Size by Application
Table 31. Global Dichloroethane Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 32. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 33. Global Dichloroethane Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (M USD)
Table 34. Global Dichloroethane Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 35. Global Dichloroethane Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2024)
Table 36. Global Dichloroethane Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 37. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 38. North America Dichloroethane Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 39. Europe Dichloroethane Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 41. South America Dichloroethane Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 42. Middle East and Africa Dichloroethane Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 43. Oxy Dichloroethane Basic Information
Table 44. Oxy Dichloroethane Product Overview
Table 45. Oxy Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 46. Oxy Business Overview
Table 47. Oxy Dichloroethane SWOT Analysis
Table 48. Oxy Recent Developments
Table 49. Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane Basic Information
Table 50. Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane Product Overview
Table 51. Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 52. Formosa Plastics Corporation Business Overview
Table 53. Formosa Plastics Corporation Dichloroethane SWOT Analysis
Table 54. Formosa Plastics Corporation Recent Developments
Table 55. Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane Basic Information
Table 56. Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane Product Overview
Table 57. Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 58. Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Dichloroethane SWOT Analysis
Table 59. Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Business Overview
Table 60. Rudong zhongyi chemical co., ltd. Recent Developments
Table 61. Global Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 62. Global Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 63. North America Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 64. North America Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 65. Europe Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 66. Europe Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 67. Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 68. Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 69. South America Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 70. South America Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 71. Middle East and Africa Dichloroethane Consumption Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 72. Middle East and Africa Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 73. Global Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 74. Global Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 75. Global Dichloroethane Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/Ton)
Table 76. Global Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Table 77. Global Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (M USD)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Product Picture of Dichloroethane
Figure 2. Data Triangulation
Figure 3. Key Caveats
Figure 4. Global Dichloroethane Market Size (M USD), 2019-2030
Figure 5. Global Dichloroethane Market Size (M USD) (2019-2030)
Figure 6. Global Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 7. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
Figure 8. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
Figure 9. Evaluation Matrix of Regional Market Development Potential
Figure 10. Dichloroethane Market Size by Country (M USD)
Figure 11. Dichloroethane Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 12. Global Dichloroethane Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 13. Dichloroethane Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2023
Figure 14. Global Market Dichloroethane Average Price (USD/Ton) of Key Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Dichloroethane Revenue in 2023
Figure 16. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
Figure 17. Global Dichloroethane Market Share by Type
Figure 18. Sales Market Share of Dichloroethane by Type (2019-2024)
Figure 19. Sales Market Share of Dichloroethane by Type in 2023
Figure 20. Market Size Share of Dichloroethane by Type (2019-2024)
Figure 21. Market Size Market Share of Dichloroethane by Type in 2023
Figure 22. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
Figure 23. Global Dichloroethane Market Share by Application
Figure 24. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 25. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 26. Global Dichloroethane Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 27. Global Dichloroethane Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 28. Global Dichloroethane Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 29. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Figure 30. North America Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 31. North America Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 32. U.S. Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 33. Canada Dichloroethane Sales (Kilotons) and Growth Rate (2019-2024)
Figure 34. Mexico Dichloroethane Sales (Units) and Growth Rate (2019-2024)
Figure 35. Europe Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 36. Europe Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 37. Germany Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 38. France Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 39. U.K. Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 40. Italy Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 41. Russia Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (Kilotons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 44. China Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 45. Japan Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 46. South Korea Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 47. India Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 49. South America Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (Kilotons)
Figure 50. South America Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 51. Brazil Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 52. Argentina Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 53. Columbia Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 54. Middle East and Africa Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (Kilotons)
Figure 55. Middle East and Africa Dichloroethane Sales Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 56. Saudi Arabia Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 57. UAE Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 58. Egypt Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 59. Nigeria Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 60. South Africa Dichloroethane Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 61. Global Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Volume (2019-2030) & (Kilotons)
Figure 62. Global Dichloroethane Market Size Forecast by Value (2019-2030) & (M USD)
Figure 63. Global Dichloroethane Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Figure 64. Global Dichloroethane Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Figure 65. Global Dichloroethane Sales Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Figure 66. Global Dichloroethane Market Share Forecast by Application (2025-2030)


More Publications