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Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030

April 2024 | 119 pages | ID: GFF92E3908E4EN
APO Research

US$ 3,450.00

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5-Aminolevulinic acid, an endogenous non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals, as well as chlorophyll in plants. 5ALA is used in photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer.

According to APO Research, The global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid market was estimated at US$ million in 2023 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

Global 5-ALA key players include NMT Biotech, Nmt Biotech, SBI Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical, Medac GmbH, etc. Global top five manufacturers hold a share about 63%. China is the largest market, with a share about 60%, followed by Europe and North America, have a share over 33 percent. In terms of Production, Purity 98% is the largest segment, with a share over 78%. And in terms of Application, the largest application is Medicine, followed by Agriculture, etc.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for 5-Aminolevulinic Acid, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding 5-Aminolevulinic Acid.

The 5-Aminolevulinic Acid market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Kg) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2019-2024. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses. Some of the prominent players reviewed in the research report include:
  • Sobeo
  • Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology
  • NMT Biotech
  • Nmt Biotech
  • SBI Pharmaceuticals
  • Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical
  • Medac GmbH
  • Midas Pharma Gmbh
  • Neopharma
  • Suzhou NMT Biotech
  • Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique
  • FDZJ
  • Cayman Chemical
  • Biosynth Carbosynth
  • GoldBio
  • TCI Chemicals (India)
  • Photocure
  • Sun pharma
5-Aminolevulinic Acid segment by Type
  • Purity 98%
  • Purity 95%
  • Others
5-Aminolevulinic Acid segment by Application
  • Agriculture
  • Medicine
  • Chemicals for Daily Use
  • Others
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Segment by Region
  • North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • India
  • Australia
  • China Taiwan
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • Malaysia
  • Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.

2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.

4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market

5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally

6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid.

7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.

Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.

Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.

Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.

Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.

Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
  1.2.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
  1.2.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.3 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market by Type
  1.3.1 Purity 98%
  1.3.2 Purity 95%
  1.3.3 Others
1.4 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Type
  1.4.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Overview by Type (2019-2030)
  1.4.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Historic Market Size Review by Type (2019-2024)
  1.4.3 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
  1.5.1 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.2 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.3 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.4 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
  1.5.5 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)

2 GLOBAL MARKET DYNAMICS

2.1 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Industry Trends
2.2 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Industry Drivers
2.3 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Industry Restraints

3 MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE BY COMPANY

3.1 Global Top Players by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Revenue (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Top Players by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Top Players by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Price (2019-2024)
3.4 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Industry Company Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.5 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Key Company Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Company Commercialization Time
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
  3.8.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market CR5 and HHI
  3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Players Market Share by Revenue in 2023
  3.8.3 2023 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier

4 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID REGIONAL STATUS AND OUTLOOK

4.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Historic Market Size by Region
  4.2.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales in Volume by Region (2019-2024)
  4.2.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales in Value by Region (2019-2024)
  4.2.3 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.3 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Forecasted Market Size by Region
  4.3.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales in Volume by Region (2025-2030)
  4.3.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales in Value by Region (2025-2030)
  4.3.3 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2025-2030)

5 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID BY APPLICATION

5.1 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market by Application
  5.1.1 Agriculture
  5.1.2 Medicine
  5.1.3 Chemicals for Daily Use
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Application
  5.2.1 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Overview by Application (2019-2030)
  5.2.2 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Historic Market Size Review by Application (2019-2024)
  5.2.3 Global 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
  5.3.1 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.2 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.3 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.4 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
  5.3.5 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)

6 COMPANY PROFILES

6.1 Sobeo
  6.1.1 Sobeo Comapny Information
  6.1.2 Sobeo Business Overview
  6.1.3 Sobeo 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.1.4 Sobeo 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.1.5 Sobeo Recent Developments
6.2 Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology
  6.2.1 Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology Comapny Information
  6.2.2 Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology Business Overview
  6.2.3 Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.2.4 Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.2.5 Zhengzhou Xinlian Biochemical Technology Recent Developments
6.3 NMT Biotech
  6.3.1 NMT Biotech Comapny Information
  6.3.2 NMT Biotech Business Overview
  6.3.3 NMT Biotech 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.3.4 NMT Biotech 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.3.5 NMT Biotech Recent Developments
6.4 Nmt Biotech
  6.4.1 Nmt Biotech Comapny Information
  6.4.2 Nmt Biotech Business Overview
  6.4.3 Nmt Biotech 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.4.4 Nmt Biotech 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.4.5 Nmt Biotech Recent Developments
6.5 SBI Pharmaceuticals
  6.5.1 SBI Pharmaceuticals Comapny Information
  6.5.2 SBI Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
  6.5.3 SBI Pharmaceuticals 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.5.4 SBI Pharmaceuticals 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.5.5 SBI Pharmaceuticals Recent Developments
6.6 Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical
  6.6.1 Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Comapny Information
  6.6.2 Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Business Overview
  6.6.3 Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.6.4 Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.6.5 Shanghai Fudan-zhangjiang Bio-Pharmaceutical Recent Developments
6.7 Medac GmbH
  6.7.1 Medac GmbH Comapny Information
  6.7.2 Medac GmbH Business Overview
  6.7.3 Medac GmbH 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.7.4 Medac GmbH 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.7.5 Medac GmbH Recent Developments
6.8 Midas Pharma Gmbh
  6.8.1 Midas Pharma Gmbh Comapny Information
  6.8.2 Midas Pharma Gmbh Business Overview
  6.8.3 Midas Pharma Gmbh 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.8.4 Midas Pharma Gmbh 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.8.5 Midas Pharma Gmbh Recent Developments
6.9 Neopharma
  6.9.1 Neopharma Comapny Information
  6.9.2 Neopharma Business Overview
  6.9.3 Neopharma 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.9.4 Neopharma 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.9.5 Neopharma Recent Developments
6.10 Suzhou NMT Biotech
  6.10.1 Suzhou NMT Biotech Comapny Information
  6.10.2 Suzhou NMT Biotech Business Overview
  6.10.3 Suzhou NMT Biotech 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.10.4 Suzhou NMT Biotech 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.10.5 Suzhou NMT Biotech Recent Developments
6.11 Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique
  6.11.1 Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique Comapny Information
  6.11.2 Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique Business Overview
  6.11.3 Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.11.4 Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.11.5 Xi'an Natural-Field Bio-technique Recent Developments
6.12 FDZJ
  6.12.1 FDZJ Comapny Information
  6.12.2 FDZJ Business Overview
  6.12.3 FDZJ 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.12.4 FDZJ 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.12.5 FDZJ Recent Developments
6.13 Cayman Chemical
  6.13.1 Cayman Chemical Comapny Information
  6.13.2 Cayman Chemical Business Overview
  6.13.3 Cayman Chemical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.13.4 Cayman Chemical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.13.5 Cayman Chemical Recent Developments
6.14 Biosynth Carbosynth
  6.14.1 Biosynth Carbosynth Comapny Information
  6.14.2 Biosynth Carbosynth Business Overview
  6.14.3 Biosynth Carbosynth 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.14.4 Biosynth Carbosynth 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.14.5 Biosynth Carbosynth Recent Developments
6.15 GoldBio
  6.15.1 GoldBio Comapny Information
  6.15.2 GoldBio Business Overview
  6.15.3 GoldBio 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.15.4 GoldBio 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.15.5 GoldBio Recent Developments
6.16 TCI Chemicals (India)
  6.16.1 TCI Chemicals (India) Comapny Information
  6.16.2 TCI Chemicals (India) Business Overview
  6.16.3 TCI Chemicals (India) 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.16.4 TCI Chemicals (India) 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.16.5 TCI Chemicals (India) Recent Developments
6.17 Photocure
  6.17.1 Photocure Comapny Information
  6.17.2 Photocure Business Overview
  6.17.3 Photocure 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.17.4 Photocure 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.17.5 Photocure Recent Developments
6.18 Sun pharma
  6.18.1 Sun pharma Comapny Information
  6.18.2 Sun pharma Business Overview
  6.18.3 Sun pharma 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
  6.18.4 Sun pharma 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Product Portfolio
  6.18.5 Sun pharma Recent Developments

7 NORTH AMERICA BY COUNTRY

7.1 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country
  7.1.1 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  7.1.2 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  7.1.3 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
7.2 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country
  7.2.1 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  7.2.2 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  7.2.3 North America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

8 EUROPE BY COUNTRY

8.1 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country
  8.1.1 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  8.1.2 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  8.1.3 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8.2 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country
  8.2.1 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  8.2.2 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  8.2.3 Europe 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

9 ASIA-PACIFIC BY COUNTRY

9.1 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country
  9.1.1 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  9.1.2 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  9.1.3 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9.2 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country
  9.2.1 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  9.2.2 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  9.2.3 Asia-Pacific 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

10 LATIN AMERICA BY COUNTRY

10.1 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country
  10.1.1 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  10.1.2 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  10.1.3 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.2 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country
  10.2.1 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  10.2.2 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  10.2.3 Latin America 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

11 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA BY COUNTRY

11.1 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country
  11.1.1 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  11.1.2 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales by Country (2019-2024)
  11.1.3 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11.2 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country
  11.2.1 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  11.2.2 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  11.2.3 Middle East and Africa 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)

12 VALUE CHAIN AND SALES CHANNELS ANALYSIS

12.1 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Value Chain Analysis
  12.1.1 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Key Raw Materials
  12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
  12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
  12.1.5 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Production Mode & Process
12.2 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Sales Channels Analysis
  12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
  12.2.2 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Distributors
  12.2.3 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Customers

13 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

14 APPENDIX

14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
  14.5.1 Secondary Sources
  14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer


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