Endoenzyme Market - Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

January 2022 | 77 pages | ID: EF8160632351EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Endoenzyme in global, including the following market information:

Global Endoenzyme Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Endoenzyme Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K MT)

Global top five Endoenzyme companies in 2021 (%)

The global Endoenzyme market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Respiratory Enzyme Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Endoenzyme include Novozymes, DowDuPont, DSM, EDC, Nagase, Nordmann, Centerchem, American Biosystems and Enzyme Supplies Limited. etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Endoenzyme manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Endoenzyme Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Endoenzyme Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Respiratory Enzyme
• RNA Polymerase
• Unwindase

Global Endoenzyme Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Endoenzyme Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Medicine
• Chemical Reagents
• Others

Global Endoenzyme Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Endoenzyme Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Endoenzyme revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Endoenzyme revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Endoenzyme sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K MT)

Key companies Endoenzyme sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Novozymes
• DowDuPont
• DSM
• EDC
• Nagase
• Nordmann
• Centerchem
• American Biosystems
• Enzyme Supplies Limited

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Endoenzyme Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Endoenzyme Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL ENDOENZYME OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Endoenzyme Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Endoenzyme Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Endoenzyme Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Endoenzyme Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Endoenzyme Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Endoenzyme Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Endoenzyme Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Endoenzyme Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Endoenzyme Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Endoenzyme Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Endoenzyme Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Endoenzyme Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Endoenzyme Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Respiratory Enzyme
  4.1.3 RNA Polymerase
  4.1.4 Unwindase
4.2 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Endoenzyme Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Medicine
  5.1.3 Chemical Reagents
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Endoenzyme Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Endoenzyme Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Novozymes
  7.1.1 Novozymes Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Novozymes Business Overview
  7.1.3 Novozymes Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Novozymes Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Novozymes Key News
7.2 DowDuPont
  7.2.1 DowDuPont Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 DowDuPont Business Overview
  7.2.3 DowDuPont Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 DowDuPont Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 DowDuPont Key News
7.3 DSM
  7.3.1 DSM Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 DSM Business Overview
  7.3.3 DSM Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 DSM Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 DSM Key News
7.4 EDC
  7.4.1 EDC Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 EDC Business Overview
  7.4.3 EDC Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 EDC Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 EDC Key News
7.5 Nagase
  7.5.1 Nagase Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Nagase Business Overview
  7.5.3 Nagase Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Nagase Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Nagase Key News
7.6 Nordmann
  7.6.1 Nordmann Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Nordmann Business Overview
  7.6.3 Nordmann Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Nordmann Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Nordmann Key News
7.7 Centerchem
  7.7.1 Centerchem Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Centerchem Business Overview
  7.7.3 Centerchem Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Centerchem Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Centerchem Key News
7.8 American Biosystems
  7.8.1 American Biosystems Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 American Biosystems Business Overview
  7.8.3 American Biosystems Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 American Biosystems Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 American Biosystems Key News
7.9 Enzyme Supplies Limited
  7.9.1 Enzyme Supplies Limited Corporate Summary
  7.9.2 Enzyme Supplies Limited Business Overview
  7.9.3 Enzyme Supplies Limited Endoenzyme Major Product Offerings
  7.9.4 Enzyme Supplies Limited Endoenzyme Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.9.5 Enzyme Supplies Limited Key News

8 GLOBAL ENDOENZYME PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Endoenzyme Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Endoenzyme Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Endoenzyme Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 ENDOENZYME SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Endoenzyme Industry Value Chain
10.2 Endoenzyme Upstream Market
10.3 Endoenzyme Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Endoenzyme Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Endoenzyme in Global Market
Table 2. Top Endoenzyme Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Endoenzyme Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Endoenzyme Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Endoenzyme Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Endoenzyme Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Endoenzyme Price (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Endoenzyme Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Endoenzyme Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Endoenzyme Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Novozymes Corporate Summary
Table 47. Novozymes Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 48. Novozymes Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. DowDuPont Corporate Summary
Table 50. DowDuPont Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 51. DowDuPont Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. DSM Corporate Summary
Table 53. DSM Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 54. DSM Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. EDC Corporate Summary
Table 56. EDC Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 57. EDC Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Nagase Corporate Summary
Table 59. Nagase Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 60. Nagase Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Nordmann Corporate Summary
Table 62. Nordmann Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 63. Nordmann Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Centerchem Corporate Summary
Table 65. Centerchem Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 66. Centerchem Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 67. American Biosystems Corporate Summary
Table 68. American Biosystems Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 69. American Biosystems Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Enzyme Supplies Limited Corporate Summary
Table 71. Enzyme Supplies Limited Endoenzyme Product Offerings
Table 72. Enzyme Supplies Limited Endoenzyme Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Endoenzyme Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K MT)
Table 74. Global Endoenzyme Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 75. Global Endoenzyme Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K MT)
Table 76. Global Endoenzyme Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K MT)
Table 77. Endoenzyme Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 78. Endoenzyme Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 79. Endoenzyme Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 80. Endoenzyme Raw Materials
Table 81. Endoenzyme Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 82. Typical Endoenzyme Downstream
Table 83. Endoenzyme Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 84. Endoenzyme Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Endoenzyme Segment by Type
Figure 2. Endoenzyme Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Endoenzyme Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Endoenzyme Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Endoenzyme Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Endoenzyme Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Endoenzyme Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Endoenzyme Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Endoenzyme Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Endoenzyme Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Endoenzyme Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Endoenzyme Production Capacity (K MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Endoenzyme by Region, 2020 VS 2027
Figure 50. Endoenzyme Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels