Electroplating Solution Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

June 2022 | 73 pages | ID: E9EFBA28590BEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of Electroplating Solution in global, including the following market information:

Global Electroplating Solution Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Electroplating Solution Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Tons)

Global top five Electroplating Solution companies in 2021 (%)

The global Electroplating Solution market was valued at 222.5 million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ 347.5 million by 2028, at a CAGR of 6.6% during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Copper Plating Solution Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Electroplating Solution include Dupont, BASF, Sinyang, Merk, ADEKA, Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. and Resoundtech, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Electroplating Solution manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Electroplating Solution Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Electroplating Solution Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Copper Plating Solution
• Tin Plating Solution
• Silver Plating Solution
• Gold Plating Solution
• Nickel Electroplating Solution
• Others

Global Electroplating Solution Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Electroplating Solution Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Through Silicon Via
• Copper Pillar Bump
• Others

Global Electroplating Solution Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Electroplating Solution Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Electroplating Solution revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Electroplating Solution revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Electroplating Solution sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Tons)

Key companies Electroplating Solution sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Dupont
• BASF
• Sinyang
• Merk
• ADEKA
• Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd.
• Resoundtech

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Electroplating Solution Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Electroplating Solution Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL ELECTROPLATING SOLUTION OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Electroplating Solution Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Electroplating Solution Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Electroplating Solution Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Electroplating Solution Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Electroplating Solution Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Electroplating Solution Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Electroplating Solution Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Electroplating Solution Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Electroplating Solution Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Electroplating Solution Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Electroplating Solution Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Electroplating Solution Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Copper Plating Solution
  4.1.3 Tin Plating Solution
  4.1.4 Silver Plating Solution
  4.1.5 Gold Plating Solution
  4.1.6 Nickel Electroplating Solution
  4.1.7 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Through Silicon Via
  5.1.3 Copper Pillar Bump
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Electroplating Solution Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Dupont
  7.1.1 Dupont Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Dupont Business Overview
  7.1.3 Dupont Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Dupont Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Dupont Key News
7.2 BASF
  7.2.1 BASF Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 BASF Business Overview
  7.2.3 BASF Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 BASF Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 BASF Key News
7.3 Sinyang
  7.3.1 Sinyang Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Sinyang Business Overview
  7.3.3 Sinyang Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Sinyang Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Sinyang Key News
7.4 Merk
  7.4.1 Merk Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Merk Business Overview
  7.4.3 Merk Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Merk Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Merk Key News
7.5 ADEKA
  7.5.1 ADEKA Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 ADEKA Business Overview
  7.5.3 ADEKA Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 ADEKA Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 ADEKA Key News
7.6 Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd.
  7.6.1 Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Business Overview
  7.6.3 Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Key News
7.7 Resoundtech
  7.7.1 Resoundtech Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Resoundtech Business Overview
  7.7.3 Resoundtech Electroplating Solution Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Resoundtech Electroplating Solution Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Resoundtech Key News

8 GLOBAL ELECTROPLATING SOLUTION PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Electroplating Solution Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Electroplating Solution Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Electroplating Solution Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 ELECTROPLATING SOLUTION SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Electroplating Solution Industry Value Chain
10.2 Electroplating Solution Upstream Market
10.3 Electroplating Solution Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Electroplating Solution Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Electroplating Solution in Global Market
Table 2. Top Electroplating Solution Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Electroplating Solution Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Electroplating Solution Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Electroplating Solution Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Electroplating Solution Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Electroplating Solution Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Electroplating Solution Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Electroplating Solution Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 46. Dupont Corporate Summary
Table 47. Dupont Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 48. Dupont Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 49. BASF Corporate Summary
Table 50. BASF Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 51. BASF Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Sinyang Corporate Summary
Table 53. Sinyang Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 54. Sinyang Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Merk Corporate Summary
Table 56. Merk Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 57. Merk Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 58. ADEKA Corporate Summary
Table 59. ADEKA Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 60. ADEKA Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Corporate Summary
Table 62. Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 63. Shanghai Feikai Material Technology Co., Ltd. Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Resoundtech Corporate Summary
Table 65. Resoundtech Electroplating Solution Product Offerings
Table 66. Resoundtech Electroplating Solution Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Electroplating Solution Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Tons)
Table 68. Global Electroplating Solution Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 69. Global Electroplating Solution Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Tons)
Table 70. Global Electroplating Solution Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Tons)
Table 71. Electroplating Solution Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Electroplating Solution Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Electroplating Solution Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Electroplating Solution Raw Materials
Table 75. Electroplating Solution Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Electroplating Solution Downstream
Table 77. Electroplating Solution Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Electroplating Solution Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Electroplating Solution Segment by Type
Figure 2. Electroplating Solution Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Electroplating Solution Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Electroplating Solution Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Electroplating Solution Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Electroplating Solution Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Electroplating Solution Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Electroplating Solution Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Electroplating Solution Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Electroplating Solution Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Electroplating Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Electroplating Solution Production Capacity (Tons), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Electroplating Solution by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Electroplating Solution Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels