Creatine Pyruvate Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 70 pages | ID: C0D4B3D229A1EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Creatine pyruvate is a unique combination of a creatine molecule with a pyruvic acid molecule which has a broad spectrum of activity and excellent solubility.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Creatine Pyruvate in global, including the following market information:

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Kiloton)

Global top five Creatine Pyruvate companies in 2021 (%)

The global Creatine Pyruvate market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Purity: <99% Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Creatine Pyruvate include Shanghai Lianlu Industry, Sunland Nutrition, Scitec Nutrition, Kangcare and Jinan Zian, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Creatine Pyruvate manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Kiloton)

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Purity: <99%
• Purity: ?99%

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Kiloton)

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Sport Nutrition
• Pharmaceutical
• Other

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Kiloton)

Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Creatine Pyruvate revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Creatine Pyruvate revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Creatine Pyruvate sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Kiloton)

Key companies Creatine Pyruvate sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Shanghai Lianlu Industry
• Sunland Nutrition
• Scitec Nutrition
• Kangcare
• Jinan Zian

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Creatine Pyruvate Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL CREATINE PYRUVATE OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Creatine Pyruvate Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Creatine Pyruvate Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Creatine Pyruvate Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Creatine Pyruvate Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Creatine Pyruvate Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Creatine Pyruvate Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Creatine Pyruvate Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Creatine Pyruvate Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Purity: <99%
  4.1.3 Purity: ?99%
4.2 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Sport Nutrition
  5.1.3 Pharmaceutical
  5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Creatine Pyruvate Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Shanghai Lianlu Industry
  7.1.1 Shanghai Lianlu Industry Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Shanghai Lianlu Industry Business Overview
  7.1.3 Shanghai Lianlu Industry Creatine Pyruvate Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Shanghai Lianlu Industry Creatine Pyruvate Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Shanghai Lianlu Industry Key News
7.2 Sunland Nutrition
  7.2.1 Sunland Nutrition Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Sunland Nutrition Business Overview
  7.2.3 Sunland Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Sunland Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Sunland Nutrition Key News
7.3 Scitec Nutrition
  7.3.1 Scitec Nutrition Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Scitec Nutrition Business Overview
  7.3.3 Scitec Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Scitec Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Scitec Nutrition Key News
7.4 Kangcare
  7.4.1 Kangcare Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Kangcare Business Overview
  7.4.3 Kangcare Creatine Pyruvate Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Kangcare Creatine Pyruvate Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Kangcare Key News
7.5 Jinan Zian
  7.5.1 Jinan Zian Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Jinan Zian Business Overview
  7.5.3 Jinan Zian Creatine Pyruvate Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Jinan Zian Creatine Pyruvate Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Jinan Zian Key News

8 GLOBAL CREATINE PYRUVATE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Creatine Pyruvate Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Creatine Pyruvate Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Creatine Pyruvate Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 CREATINE PYRUVATE SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Creatine Pyruvate Industry Value Chain
10.2 Creatine Pyruvate Upstream Market
10.3 Creatine Pyruvate Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Creatine Pyruvate Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Creatine Pyruvate in Global Market
Table 2. Top Creatine Pyruvate Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales by Companies, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Creatine Pyruvate Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Creatine Pyruvate Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Creatine Pyruvate Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Creatine Pyruvate Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 46. Shanghai Lianlu Industry Corporate Summary
Table 47. Shanghai Lianlu Industry Creatine Pyruvate Product Offerings
Table 48. Shanghai Lianlu Industry Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Sunland Nutrition Corporate Summary
Table 50. Sunland Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Product Offerings
Table 51. Sunland Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Scitec Nutrition Corporate Summary
Table 53. Scitec Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Product Offerings
Table 54. Scitec Nutrition Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Kangcare Corporate Summary
Table 56. Kangcare Creatine Pyruvate Product Offerings
Table 57. Kangcare Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Jinan Zian Corporate Summary
Table 59. Jinan Zian Creatine Pyruvate Product Offerings
Table 60. Jinan Zian Creatine Pyruvate Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Creatine Pyruvate Production Capacity (Kiloton) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Kiloton)
Table 62. Global Creatine Pyruvate Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 63. Global Creatine Pyruvate Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Kiloton)
Table 64. Global Creatine Pyruvate Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Kiloton)
Table 65. Creatine Pyruvate Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 66. Creatine Pyruvate Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 67. Creatine Pyruvate Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 68. Creatine Pyruvate Raw Materials
Table 69. Creatine Pyruvate Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 70. Typical Creatine Pyruvate Downstream
Table 71. Creatine Pyruvate Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 72. Creatine Pyruvate Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Creatine Pyruvate Segment by Type
Figure 2. Creatine Pyruvate Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Creatine Pyruvate Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Creatine Pyruvate Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Kiloton)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Creatine Pyruvate Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Creatine Pyruvate Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Creatine Pyruvate Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Creatine Pyruvate Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Creatine Pyruvate Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Creatine Pyruvate Production Capacity (Kiloton), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Creatine Pyruvate by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Creatine Pyruvate Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels