Bronzing Film Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 75 pages | ID: B9D870AD70BEEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Bronzing film is a hot stamping material made by coating and vacuum evaporation and adding a layer of metal foil on the film substrate.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Bronzing Film in global, including the following market information:

Global Bronzing Film Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Bronzing Film Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Kiloton)

Global top five Bronzing Film companies in 2021 (%)

The global Bronzing Film market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

12?m Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Bronzing Film include Alfipa, Dunmore, Film?Foil Solutions Limited, Masterflex, ACG, Alib?rico Food Packaging, Stahl and Acktar, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Bronzing Film manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Bronzing Film Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Kiloton)

Global Bronzing Film Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• 12?m
• 16?m
• 18?m
• 20?m

Global Bronzing Film Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Kiloton)

Global Bronzing Film Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Paper Industry
• Plastic Industry
• Cosmetic
• Household Appliances
• Other

Global Bronzing Film Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Kiloton)

Global Bronzing Film Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Bronzing Film revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Bronzing Film revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Bronzing Film sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Kiloton)

Key companies Bronzing Film sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Alfipa
• Dunmore
• Film?Foil Solutions Limited
• Masterflex
• ACG
• Alib?rico Food Packaging
• Stahl
• Acktar

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Bronzing Film Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Bronzing Film Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL BRONZING FILM OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Bronzing Film Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Bronzing Film Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Bronzing Film Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Bronzing Film Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Bronzing Film Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Bronzing Film Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Bronzing Film Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Bronzing Film Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Bronzing Film Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Bronzing Film Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bronzing Film Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Bronzing Film Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bronzing Film Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 12?m
  4.1.3 16?m
  4.1.4 18?m
  4.1.5 20?m
4.2 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Bronzing Film Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Paper Industry
  5.1.3 Plastic Industry
  5.1.4 Cosmetic
  5.1.5 Household Appliances
  5.1.6 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Bronzing Film Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Bronzing Film Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Alfipa
  7.1.1 Alfipa Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Alfipa Business Overview
  7.1.3 Alfipa Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Alfipa Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Alfipa Key News
7.2 Dunmore
  7.2.1 Dunmore Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Dunmore Business Overview
  7.2.3 Dunmore Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Dunmore Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Dunmore Key News
7.3 Film?Foil Solutions Limited
  7.3.1 Film?Foil Solutions Limited Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Film?Foil Solutions Limited Business Overview
  7.3.3 Film?Foil Solutions Limited Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Film?Foil Solutions Limited Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Film?Foil Solutions Limited Key News
7.4 Masterflex
  7.4.1 Masterflex Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Masterflex Business Overview
  7.4.3 Masterflex Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Masterflex Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Masterflex Key News
7.5 ACG
  7.5.1 ACG Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 ACG Business Overview
  7.5.3 ACG Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 ACG Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 ACG Key News
7.6 Alib?rico Food Packaging
  7.6.1 Alib?rico Food Packaging Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Alib?rico Food Packaging Business Overview
  7.6.3 Alib?rico Food Packaging Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Alib?rico Food Packaging Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Alib?rico Food Packaging Key News
7.7 Stahl
  7.7.1 Stahl Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Stahl Business Overview
  7.7.3 Stahl Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Stahl Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Stahl Key News
7.8 Acktar
  7.8.1 Acktar Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 Acktar Business Overview
  7.8.3 Acktar Bronzing Film Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 Acktar Bronzing Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 Acktar Key News

8 GLOBAL BRONZING FILM PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Bronzing Film Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Bronzing Film Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Bronzing Film Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 BRONZING FILM SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Bronzing Film Industry Value Chain
10.2 Bronzing Film Upstream Market
10.3 Bronzing Film Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Bronzing Film Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Bronzing Film in Global Market
Table 2. Top Bronzing Film Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Bronzing Film Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Bronzing Film Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Bronzing Film Sales by Companies, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Bronzing Film Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Bronzing Film Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Bronzing Film Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Bronzing Film Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bronzing Film Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Sales, (Kiloton), 2023-2028
Table 46. Alfipa Corporate Summary
Table 47. Alfipa Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 48. Alfipa Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Dunmore Corporate Summary
Table 50. Dunmore Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 51. Dunmore Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Film&Foil Solutions Limited Corporate Summary
Table 53. Film&Foil Solutions Limited Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 54. Film&Foil Solutions Limited Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Masterflex Corporate Summary
Table 56. Masterflex Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 57. Masterflex Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 58. ACG Corporate Summary
Table 59. ACG Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 60. ACG Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Aliberico Food Packaging Corporate Summary
Table 62. Aliberico Food Packaging Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 63. Aliberico Food Packaging Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Stahl Corporate Summary
Table 65. Stahl Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 66. Stahl Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Acktar Corporate Summary
Table 68. Acktar Bronzing Film Product Offerings
Table 69. Acktar Bronzing Film Sales (Kiloton), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Bronzing Film Production Capacity (Kiloton) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Kiloton)
Table 71. Global Bronzing Film Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 72. Global Bronzing Film Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Kiloton)
Table 73. Global Bronzing Film Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Kiloton)
Table 74. Bronzing Film Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. Bronzing Film Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. Bronzing Film Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. Bronzing Film Raw Materials
Table 78. Bronzing Film Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical Bronzing Film Downstream
Table 80. Bronzing Film Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. Bronzing Film Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Bronzing Film Segment by Type
Figure 2. Bronzing Film Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Bronzing Film Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Bronzing Film Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Bronzing Film Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Bronzing Film Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Kiloton)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Bronzing Film Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Bronzing Film Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Bronzing Film Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bronzing Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Bronzing Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Bronzing Film Production Capacity (Kiloton), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Bronzing Film by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Bronzing Film Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels