Bio-based Film Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 78 pages | ID: BB08C943F06AEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Bio-based films are made of renewable biopolymers which can reduce dependency on fossil resources and improve the carbon-footprint of packaging .

This report contains market size and forecasts of Bio-based Film in global, including the following market information:

Global Bio-based Film Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Bio-based Film Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (Tons)

Global top five Bio-based Film companies in 2021 (%)

The global Bio-based Film market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Compostable Films Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Bio-based Film include Mondi, Tbs-pack GmbH, Taghleef Industries, BELCA, SA, Danimer Scientifics, POLIFILM, Irplast and Fabbri Group, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Bio-based Film manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Bio-based Film Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Bio-based Film Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Compostable Films
• Non-compostable Films

Global Bio-based Film Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Bio-based Film Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Food Packaging
• Home & Personal Care
• Medical & Pharmaceutical
• Pet Food & Care
• Other

Global Bio-based Film Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (Tons)

Global Bio-based Film Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Bio-based Film revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Bio-based Film revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Bio-based Film sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (Tons)

Key companies Bio-based Film sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Mondi
• Tbs-pack GmbH
• Taghleef Industries
• BELCA, SA
• Danimer Scientifics
• POLIFILM
• Irplast
• Fabbri Group

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Bio-based Film Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Bio-based Film Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL BIO-BASED FILM OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Bio-based Film Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Bio-based Film Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Bio-based Film Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Bio-based Film Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Bio-based Film Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Bio-based Film Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Bio-based Film Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Bio-based Film Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Bio-based Film Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Bio-based Film Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bio-based Film Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Bio-based Film Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bio-based Film Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Compostable Films
  4.1.3 Non-compostable Films
4.2 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Bio-based Film Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Food Packaging
  5.1.3 Home & Personal Care
  5.1.4 Medical & Pharmaceutical
  5.1.5 Pet Food & Care
  5.1.6 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Bio-based Film Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Bio-based Film Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Mondi
  7.1.1 Mondi Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Mondi Business Overview
  7.1.3 Mondi Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Mondi Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Mondi Key News
7.2 Tbs-pack GmbH
  7.2.1 Tbs-pack GmbH Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Tbs-pack GmbH Business Overview
  7.2.3 Tbs-pack GmbH Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Tbs-pack GmbH Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Tbs-pack GmbH Key News
7.3 Taghleef Industries
  7.3.1 Taghleef Industries Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Taghleef Industries Business Overview
  7.3.3 Taghleef Industries Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Taghleef Industries Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Taghleef Industries Key News
7.4 BELCA, SA
  7.4.1 BELCA, SA Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 BELCA, SA Business Overview
  7.4.3 BELCA, SA Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 BELCA, SA Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 BELCA, SA Key News
7.5 Danimer Scientifics
  7.5.1 Danimer Scientifics Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Danimer Scientifics Business Overview
  7.5.3 Danimer Scientifics Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Danimer Scientifics Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Danimer Scientifics Key News
7.6 POLIFILM
  7.6.1 POLIFILM Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 POLIFILM Business Overview
  7.6.3 POLIFILM Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 POLIFILM Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 POLIFILM Key News
7.7 Irplast
  7.7.1 Irplast Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Irplast Business Overview
  7.7.3 Irplast Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Irplast Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Irplast Key News
7.8 Fabbri Group
  7.8.1 Fabbri Group Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 Fabbri Group Business Overview
  7.8.3 Fabbri Group Bio-based Film Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 Fabbri Group Bio-based Film Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 Fabbri Group Key News

8 GLOBAL BIO-BASED FILM PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Bio-based Film Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Bio-based Film Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Bio-based Film Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 BIO-BASED FILM SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Bio-based Film Industry Value Chain
10.2 Bio-based Film Upstream Market
10.3 Bio-based Film Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Bio-based Film Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Bio-based Film in Global Market
Table 2. Top Bio-based Film Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Bio-based Film Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Bio-based Film Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Bio-based Film Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Bio-based Film Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Bio-based Film Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Bio-based Film Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Bio-based Film Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Bio-based Film Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Sales, (Tons), 2023-2028
Table 46. Mondi Corporate Summary
Table 47. Mondi Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 48. Mondi Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Tbs-pack GmbH Corporate Summary
Table 50. Tbs-pack GmbH Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 51. Tbs-pack GmbH Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Taghleef Industries Corporate Summary
Table 53. Taghleef Industries Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 54. Taghleef Industries Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 55. BELCA, SA Corporate Summary
Table 56. BELCA, SA Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 57. BELCA, SA Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Danimer Scientifics Corporate Summary
Table 59. Danimer Scientifics Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 60. Danimer Scientifics Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 61. POLIFILM Corporate Summary
Table 62. POLIFILM Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 63. POLIFILM Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Irplast Corporate Summary
Table 65. Irplast Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 66. Irplast Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Fabbri Group Corporate Summary
Table 68. Fabbri Group Bio-based Film Product Offerings
Table 69. Fabbri Group Bio-based Film Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Bio-based Film Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (Tons)
Table 71. Global Bio-based Film Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 72. Global Bio-based Film Production by Region, 2017-2022 (Tons)
Table 73. Global Bio-based Film Production by Region, 2023-2028 (Tons)
Table 74. Bio-based Film Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. Bio-based Film Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. Bio-based Film Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. Bio-based Film Raw Materials
Table 78. Bio-based Film Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical Bio-based Film Downstream
Table 80. Bio-based Film Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. Bio-based Film Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Bio-based Film Segment by Type
Figure 2. Bio-based Film Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Bio-based Film Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Bio-based Film Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Bio-based Film Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Bio-based Film Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Bio-based Film Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Bio-based Film Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Bio-based Film Price (US$/Ton), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Bio-based Film Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Bio-based Film Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Bio-based Film Production Capacity (Tons), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Bio-based Film by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Bio-based Film Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels