Beta Mercaptoethanol Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 71 pages | ID: BE8ADA03A861EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

2-Mercaptoethanol (also ?-mercaptoethanol, BME, 2BME, 2-ME or ?-met) is the chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2SH. 2-ME is a colorless liquid, with an amine-like odor. It is flammable and soluble in water and various organic solvents.

2-ME can be used as the intermediate in the production of PVC stabilizer, crop protection, pharmaceuticals, photographic chemicals, solvent and stabilizer, initial product for chemical syntheses, water treatment and corrosion inhibitor.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Beta Mercaptoethanol in global, including the following market information:

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K MT)

Global top five Beta Mercaptoethanol companies in 2021 (%)

The global Beta Mercaptoethanol market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Above 99% Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Beta Mercaptoethanol include Chevron Phillips Chemical, BASF and Sunion Chemical & Plastics, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Beta Mercaptoethanol manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Above 99%
• Below 99%

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Consumer & Industrial Applications
• Agrochemicals
• Polymers and Rubber Applications
• Water Treatment Applications
• Other

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Beta Mercaptoethanol revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Beta Mercaptoethanol revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Beta Mercaptoethanol sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K MT)

Key companies Beta Mercaptoethanol sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Chevron Phillips Chemical
• BASF
• Sunion Chemical & Plastics

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL BETA MERCAPTOETHANOL OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Beta Mercaptoethanol Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Beta Mercaptoethanol Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Beta Mercaptoethanol Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Beta Mercaptoethanol Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Beta Mercaptoethanol Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Beta Mercaptoethanol Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Above 99%
  4.1.3 Below 99%
4.2 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Consumer & Industrial Applications
  5.1.3 Agrochemicals
  5.1.4 Polymers and Rubber Applications
  5.1.5 Water Treatment Applications
  5.1.6 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Chevron Phillips Chemical
  7.1.1 Chevron Phillips Chemical Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Chevron Phillips Chemical Business Overview
  7.1.3 Chevron Phillips Chemical Beta Mercaptoethanol Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Chevron Phillips Chemical Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Chevron Phillips Chemical Key News
7.2 BASF
  7.2.1 BASF Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 BASF Business Overview
  7.2.3 BASF Beta Mercaptoethanol Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 BASF Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 BASF Key News
7.3 Sunion Chemical & Plastics
  7.3.1 Sunion Chemical & Plastics Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Sunion Chemical & Plastics Business Overview
  7.3.3 Sunion Chemical & Plastics Beta Mercaptoethanol Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Sunion Chemical & Plastics Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Sunion Chemical & Plastics Key News

8 GLOBAL BETA MERCAPTOETHANOL PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Beta Mercaptoethanol Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 BETA MERCAPTOETHANOL SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Beta Mercaptoethanol Industry Value Chain
10.2 Beta Mercaptoethanol Upstream Market
10.3 Beta Mercaptoethanol Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Beta Mercaptoethanol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Beta Mercaptoethanol in Global Market
Table 2. Top Beta Mercaptoethanol Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Beta Mercaptoethanol Price (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Beta Mercaptoethanol Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Beta Mercaptoethanol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Beta Mercaptoethanol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Chevron Phillips Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 47. Chevron Phillips Chemical Beta Mercaptoethanol Product Offerings
Table 48. Chevron Phillips Chemical Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. BASF Corporate Summary
Table 50. BASF Beta Mercaptoethanol Product Offerings
Table 51. BASF Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Sunion Chemical & Plastics Corporate Summary
Table 53. Sunion Chemical & Plastics Beta Mercaptoethanol Product Offerings
Table 54. Sunion Chemical & Plastics Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Beta Mercaptoethanol Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K MT)
Table 56. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 57. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K MT)
Table 58. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K MT)
Table 59. Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 60. Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 61. Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 62. Beta Mercaptoethanol Raw Materials
Table 63. Beta Mercaptoethanol Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 64. Typical Beta Mercaptoethanol Downstream
Table 65. Beta Mercaptoethanol Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 66. Beta Mercaptoethanol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Beta Mercaptoethanol Segment by Type
Figure 2. Beta Mercaptoethanol Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Price (USD/MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Beta Mercaptoethanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Beta Mercaptoethanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Beta Mercaptoethanol Production Capacity (K MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Beta Mercaptoethanol by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Beta Mercaptoethanol Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels