2-Octanol Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 71 pages | ID: 22C63FF97145EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

2-Octanol is insoluble in water and can be mixed with organic solvents such as alcohol, ether and chloroform. Low Toxicity, a group of skin and mucous membrane stimulation, mainly used in the production of plasticizers, emulsifiers, solvents and organic synthetic raw materials. It is the main raw material for the production of some esters. The organic chemical industry is used as solvent, dehydrating agent, defoaming agent, etc. . The Coal Industry is used as flotation agent, the agricultural industry is used to produce emulsifier, and the chemical fiber industry is used as fiber oil agent The spice industry is used in the production of intermediates and so on.

This report contains market size and forecasts of 2-Octanol in global, including the following market information:

Global 2-Octanol Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global 2-Octanol Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K MT)

Global top five 2-Octanol companies in 2021 (%)

The global 2-Octanol market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Purity?99% Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of 2-Octanol include Arkema, Shandong Siqiang Chemical, Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical, New Sunlion Chemical Group, Hengshui Jinghua Chemical and Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the 2-Octanol manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global 2-Octanol Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global 2-Octanol Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Purity?99%
• Purity?80%

Global 2-Octanol Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global 2-Octanol Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Plastic Plasticizers
• Emulsifier Material
• Synthetic Fragrances
• Mineral Flotation Agents
• Defoamer
• Others

Global 2-Octanol Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K MT)

Global 2-Octanol Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies 2-Octanol revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies 2-Octanol revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies 2-Octanol sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K MT)

Key companies 2-Octanol sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Arkema
• Shandong Siqiang Chemical
• Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical
• New Sunlion Chemical Group
• Hengshui Jinghua Chemical
• Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 2-Octanol Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 2-Octanol Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL 2-OCTANOL OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global 2-Octanol Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global 2-Octanol Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global 2-Octanol Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top 2-Octanol Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 2-Octanol Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 2-Octanol Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global 2-Octanol Sales by Companies
3.5 Global 2-Octanol Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 2-Octanol Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers 2-Octanol Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Octanol Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 2-Octanol Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Octanol Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Purity?99%
  4.1.3 Purity?80%
4.2 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global 2-Octanol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Plastic Plasticizers
  5.1.3 Emulsifier Material
  5.1.4 Synthetic Fragrances
  5.1.5 Mineral Flotation Agents
  5.1.6 Defoamer
  5.1.7 Others
5.2 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global 2-Octanol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE 2-Octanol Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Arkema
  7.1.1 Arkema Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Arkema Business Overview
  7.1.3 Arkema 2-Octanol Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Arkema 2-Octanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Arkema Key News
7.2 Shandong Siqiang Chemical
  7.2.1 Shandong Siqiang Chemical Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Shandong Siqiang Chemical Business Overview
  7.2.3 Shandong Siqiang Chemical 2-Octanol Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Shandong Siqiang Chemical 2-Octanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Shandong Siqiang Chemical Key News
7.3 Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical
  7.3.1 Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical Business Overview
  7.3.3 Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical 2-Octanol Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical 2-Octanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical Key News
7.4 New Sunlion Chemical Group
  7.4.1 New Sunlion Chemical Group Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 New Sunlion Chemical Group Business Overview
  7.4.3 New Sunlion Chemical Group 2-Octanol Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 New Sunlion Chemical Group 2-Octanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 New Sunlion Chemical Group Key News
7.5 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical
  7.5.1 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Business Overview
  7.5.3 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical 2-Octanol Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical 2-Octanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Key News
7.6 Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology
  7.6.1 Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology Business Overview
  7.6.3 Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology 2-Octanol Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology 2-Octanol Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology Key News

8 GLOBAL 2-OCTANOL PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global 2-Octanol Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 2-Octanol Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global 2-Octanol Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 2-OCTANOL SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 2-Octanol Industry Value Chain
10.2 2-Octanol Upstream Market
10.3 2-Octanol Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 2-Octanol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of 2-Octanol in Global Market
Table 2. Top 2-Octanol Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global 2-Octanol Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global 2-Octanol Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global 2-Octanol Sales by Companies, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global 2-Octanol Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers 2-Octanol Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Kg)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers 2-Octanol Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 2-Octanol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 2-Octanol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Sales, (K MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Arkema Corporate Summary
Table 47. Arkema 2-Octanol Product Offerings
Table 48. Arkema 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Shandong Siqiang Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 50. Shandong Siqiang Chemical 2-Octanol Product Offerings
Table 51. Shandong Siqiang Chemical 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 53. Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical 2-Octanol Product Offerings
Table 54. Luoyangshi Sannuo Chemical 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 55. New Sunlion Chemical Group Corporate Summary
Table 56. New Sunlion Chemical Group 2-Octanol Product Offerings
Table 57. New Sunlion Chemical Group 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Corporate Summary
Table 59. Hengshui Jinghua Chemical 2-Octanol Product Offerings
Table 60. Hengshui Jinghua Chemical 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology Corporate Summary
Table 62. Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology 2-Octanol Product Offerings
Table 63. Shandong Yuanli Science and Technology 2-Octanol Sales (K MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Kg) (2017-2022)
Table 64. 2-Octanol Production Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K MT)
Table 65. Global 2-Octanol Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global 2-Octanol Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K MT)
Table 67. Global 2-Octanol Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K MT)
Table 68. 2-Octanol Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. 2-Octanol Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. 2-Octanol Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. 2-Octanol Raw Materials
Table 72. 2-Octanol Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical 2-Octanol Downstream
Table 74. 2-Octanol Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. 2-Octanol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 2-Octanol Segment by Type
Figure 2. 2-Octanol Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global 2-Octanol Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 2-Octanol Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 2-Octanol Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. 2-Octanol Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 2-Octanol Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global 2-Octanol Price (USD/Kg), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global 2-Octanol Price (USD/Kg), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 2-Octanol Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE 2-Octanol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global 2-Octanol Production Capacity (K MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production 2-Octanol by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. 2-Octanol Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels