Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Market Report 2016

November 2016 | 113 pages | ID: G6C3CCD60B2EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Sales, means the sales volume of Synthetic Waxes

Revenue, means the sales value of Synthetic Waxes

This report studies sales (consumption) of Synthetic Waxes in Global market, especially in United States, China, Europe, Japan, focuses on top players in these regions/countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these regions, covering

• BASF SE (Germany)
• Blended Waxes, Inc. (US)
• Clariant International Ltd. (Switzerland)
• Dow Corning (US)
• Evonik Industries AG (Germany)
• Exxon Mobil Fuels & Lubricants (US)
• Honeywell International (US)
• Koster Keunen (Holland) B.V (Netherlands)
• Lubrizol Corp. (US)
• Micro Powders, Inc. (US)
• Momentive (US)
• Paramelt BV (Netherlands)
• Petroferm, Inc. (US)
• Romonta GmbH (Germany)
• Strahl & Pitsch, Inc. (US)
• The International Group, Inc. (Canada)
• Wachs-u. Ceresin-Fabriken TH. C. TROMM GmbH (Germany)

Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with sales (consumption), revenue, market share and growth rate of Synthetic Waxes in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• United States
• China
• Europe
• Japan

Split by product Types, with sales, revenue, price and gross margin, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Type I
• Type II
• Type III

Split by applications, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Synthetic Waxes in each application, can be divided into

• Electrical
• Food
• Matches and Pyrotechnics
• Rubber
• Adhesives
• Paper
• Coatings and Inks
• Cosmetics & Toiletries
• Lipsticks

Contents

Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Market Report 2016

1 SYNTHETIC WAXES OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Synthetic Waxes
1.2 Classification of Synthetic Waxes
  1.2.1 Type I
  1.2.2 Type II
  1.2.3 Type III
1.3 Application of Synthetic Waxes
  1.3.1 Electrical
  1.3.2 Food
  1.3.3 Matches and Pyrotechnics
  1.3.4 Rubber
  1.3.5 Adhesives
  1.3.6 Paper
  1.3.7 Coatings and Inks
  1.3.8 Cosmetics & Toiletries
  1.3.9 Lipsticks
1.4 Synthetic Waxes Market by Regions
  1.4.1 United States Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 China Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value and Volume) of Synthetic Waxes (2011-2021)
  1.5.1 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
  1.5.2 Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

2 GLOBAL SYNTHETIC WAXES COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

2.1 Global Synthetic Waxes Market Competition by Manufacturers
  2.1.1 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)
  2.1.2 Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
2.2 Global Synthetic Waxes (Volume and Value) by Type
  2.2.1 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
  2.2.2 Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.3 Global Synthetic Waxes (Volume and Value) by Regions
  2.3.1 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
  2.3.2 Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
2.4 Global Synthetic Waxes (Volume) by Application

3 UNITED STATES SYNTHETIC WAXES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

3.1 United States Synthetic Waxes Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  3.1.1 United States Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.2 United States Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.3 United States Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
3.2 United States Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
3.3 United States Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Type
3.4 United States Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Application

4 CHINA SYNTHETIC WAXES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

4.1 China Synthetic Waxes Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  4.1.1 China Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.2 China Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.3 China Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
4.2 China Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
4.3 China Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Type
4.4 China Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Application

5 EUROPE SYNTHETIC WAXES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

5.1 Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  5.1.1 Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.2 Europe Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.3 Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
5.2 Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
5.3 Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Type
5.4 Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Application

6 JAPAN SYNTHETIC WAXES (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  6.1.1 Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.2 Japan Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.3 Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
6.2 Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Application

7 GLOBAL SYNTHETIC WAXES MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

7.1 BASF SE (Germany)
  7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.1.2 Synthetic Waxes Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.1.2.1 Type I
    7.1.2.2 Type II
  7.1.3 BASF SE (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.2 Blended Waxes, Inc. (US)
  7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.2.2 113 Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.2.2.1 Type I
    7.2.2.2 Type II
  7.2.3 Blended Waxes, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.3 Clariant International Ltd. (Switzerland)
  7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.3.2 134 Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.3.2.1 Type I
    7.3.2.2 Type II
  7.3.3 Clariant International Ltd. (Switzerland) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.4 Dow Corning (US)
  7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.4.2 Oct Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.4.2.1 Type I
    7.4.2.2 Type II
  7.4.3 Dow Corning (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.5 Evonik Industries AG (Germany)
  7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.5.2.1 Type I
    7.5.2.2 Type II
  7.5.3 Evonik Industries AG (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.6 Exxon Mobil Fuels & Lubricants (US)
  7.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.6.2 Million USD Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.6.2.1 Type I
    7.6.2.2 Type II
  7.6.3 Exxon Mobil Fuels & Lubricants (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.7 Honeywell International (US)
  7.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.7.2 Chemical & Material Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.7.2.1 Type I
    7.7.2.2 Type II
  7.7.3 Honeywell International (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.8 Koster Keunen (Holland) B.V (Netherlands)
  7.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.8.2.1 Type I
    7.8.2.2 Type II
  7.8.3 Koster Keunen (Holland) B.V (Netherlands) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.9 Lubrizol Corp. (US)
  7.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.9.2.1 Type I
    7.9.2.2 Type II
  7.9.3 Lubrizol Corp. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.10 Micro Powders, Inc. (US)
  7.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  7.10.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.10.2.1 Type I
    7.10.2.2 Type II
  7.10.3 Micro Powders, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  7.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.11 Momentive (US)
7.12 Paramelt BV (Netherlands)
7.13 Petroferm, Inc. (US)
7.14 Romonta GmbH (Germany)
7.15 Strahl & Pitsch, Inc. (US)
7.16 The International Group, Inc. (Canada)
7.17 Wachs-u. Ceresin-Fabriken TH. C. TROMM GmbH (Germany)

8 SYNTHETIC WAXES MAUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

8.1 Synthetic Waxes Key Raw Materials Analysis
  8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  8.2.1 Raw Materials
  8.2.2 Labor Cost
  8.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Synthetic Waxes

9 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

9.1 Synthetic Waxes Industrial Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Synthetic Waxes Major Manufacturers in 2015
9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

10.1 Marketing Channel
  10.1.1 Direct Marketing
  10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
  10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  10.2.2 Brand Strategy
  10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  11.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 GLOBAL SYNTHETIC WAXES MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

12.1 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue Forecast (2016-2021)
12.2 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
12.3 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
12.4 Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

13 APPENDIX

Author List
Disclosure Section
Research Methodology
Data Source
China Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Synthetic Waxes
Table Classification of Synthetic Waxes
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Type in 2015
Figure Type I Picture
Figure Type II Picture
Table Applications of Synthetic Waxes
Figure Global Sales Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Application in 2015
Figure Electrical Examples
Figure Food Examples
Figure Matches and Pyrotechnics Examples
Figure Rubber Examples
Figure Adhesives Examples
Figure Paper Examples
Figure Coatings and Inks Examples
Figure Cosmetics & Toiletries Examples
Figure Lipsticks Examples
Figure United States Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure China Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Japan Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales of Key Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Synthetic Waxes Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Synthetic Waxes Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table 2015 Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue Growth Rate by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Synthetic Waxes by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure United States Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure United States Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure United States Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table United States Synthetic Waxes Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table United States Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table United States Synthetic Waxes Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table United States Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table United States Synthetic Waxes Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table United States Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure China Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure China Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure China Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table China Synthetic Waxes Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table China Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table China Synthetic Waxes Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table China Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table China Synthetic Waxes Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table China Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Europe Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Synthetic Waxes Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Europe Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Japan Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Manufacturers (2011-2016)
Table Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales by Type (2011-2016)
Table Japan Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Japan Synthetic Waxes Sales by Application (2011-2016)
Table Japan Synthetic Waxes Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table BASF SE (Germany) Basic Information List
Table BASF SE (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure BASF SE (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Blended Waxes, Inc. (US) Basic Information List
Table Blended Waxes, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Blended Waxes, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Clariant International Ltd. (Switzerland) Basic Information List
Table Clariant International Ltd. (Switzerland) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Clariant International Ltd. (Switzerland) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Dow Corning (US) Basic Information List
Table Dow Corning (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Dow Corning (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Evonik Industries AG (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Evonik Industries AG (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Evonik Industries AG (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Exxon Mobil Fuels & Lubricants (US) Basic Information List
Table Exxon Mobil Fuels & Lubricants (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Exxon Mobil Fuels & Lubricants (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Honeywell International (US) Basic Information List
Table Honeywell International (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Honeywell International (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Koster Keunen (Holland) B.V (Netherlands) Basic Information List
Table Koster Keunen (Holland) B.V (Netherlands) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Koster Keunen (Holland) B.V (Netherlands) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Lubrizol Corp. (US) Basic Information List
Table Lubrizol Corp. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Lubrizol Corp. (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Micro Powders, Inc. (US) Basic Information List
Table Micro Powders, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Micro Powders, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Momentive (US) Basic Information List
Table Momentive (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Momentive (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Paramelt BV (Netherlands) Basic Information List
Table Paramelt BV (Netherlands) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Paramelt BV (Netherlands) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Petroferm, Inc. (US) Basic Information List
Table Petroferm, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Petroferm, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Romonta GmbH (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Romonta GmbH (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Romonta GmbH (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Strahl & Pitsch, Inc. (US) Basic Information List
Table Strahl & Pitsch, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Strahl & Pitsch, Inc. (US) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table The International Group, Inc. (Canada) Basic Information List
Table The International Group, Inc. (Canada) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure The International Group, Inc. (Canada) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Wachs-u. Ceresin-Fabriken TH. C. TROMM GmbH (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Wachs-u. Ceresin-Fabriken TH. C. TROMM GmbH (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure Wachs-u. Ceresin-Fabriken TH. C. TROMM GmbH (Germany) Synthetic Waxes Global Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Synthetic Waxes
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Synthetic Waxes
Figure Synthetic Waxes Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Synthetic Waxes Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Synthetic Waxes
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Synthetic Waxes Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Synthetic Waxes Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)