Global and United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Research by Company, Type & Application 2013-2025
Summary
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
Section 1: Product definition, type and application, global and United States market overview;
Section 2: Global and United States Market competition by company;
Section 3: Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4: Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5: United States export and import;
Section 6: Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7: Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8: SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9: Conclusion.
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
- Enzymes
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Probes/Tags
- Protein
- Others
- Cell-based Assays
- Fluorescence Microscopy
- Immunological Techniques
- Mass Spectrometry
- Protein Microarray
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.)
- Merck KGaA (Germany)
- PerkinElmer, Inc. (U.S.)
- General Electric Company (U.S.)
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland)
- New England Biolabs (U.S.)
- Kaneka Corporation (Japan)
- Promega Corporation (U.S.)
- LI-COR, Inc. (U.S.)
- SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc. (U.S.)
Section 1: Product definition, type and application, global and United States market overview;
Section 2: Global and United States Market competition by company;
Section 3: Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4: Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5: United States export and import;
Section 6: Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7: Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8: SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9: Conclusion.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Enzymes
1.1.2.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
1.1.2.3 Probes/Tags
1.1.2.4 Protein
1.1.2.5 Others
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Cell-based Assays
1.1.3.2 Fluorescence Microscopy
1.1.3.3 Immunological Techniques
1.1.3.4 Mass Spectrometry
1.1.3.5 Protein Microarray
1.2 Global and Regional Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 United States Overview
2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 United States
2.2.1 United States Sales by Company
2.2.2 United States Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 United States
3.2.1 United States Sales by Type
3.2.2 United States Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Sales by Application
4.2.2 United States Price by Application
5 REGIONAL TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.)
6.1.2 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Merck KGaA (Germany)
6.2.1 Company Information
6.2.2 Product Specifications
6.2.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.3 PerkinElmer, Inc. (U.S.)
6.3.1 Company Information
6.3.2 Product Specifications
6.3.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.4 General Electric Company (U.S.)
6.4.1 Company Information
6.4.2 Product Specifications
6.4.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.5 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland)
6.5.1 Company Information
6.5.2 Product Specifications
6.5.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.6 New England Biolabs (U.S.)
6.6.1 Company Information
6.6.2 Product Specifications
6.6.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.7 Kaneka Corporation (Japan)
6.7.1 Company Information
6.7.2 Product Specifications
6.7.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.8 Promega Corporation (U.S.)
6.8.1 Company Information
6.8.2 Product Specifications
6.8.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.9 LI-COR, Inc. (U.S.)
6.9.1 Company Information
6.9.2 Product Specifications
6.9.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.10 SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc. (U.S.)
6.10.1 Company Information
6.10.2 Product Specifications
6.10.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Enzymes
1.1.2.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
1.1.2.3 Probes/Tags
1.1.2.4 Protein
1.1.2.5 Others
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Cell-based Assays
1.1.3.2 Fluorescence Microscopy
1.1.3.3 Immunological Techniques
1.1.3.4 Mass Spectrometry
1.1.3.5 Protein Microarray
1.2 Global and Regional Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 United States Overview
2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 United States
2.2.1 United States Sales by Company
2.2.2 United States Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 United States
3.2.1 United States Sales by Type
3.2.2 United States Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Sales by Application
4.2.2 United States Price by Application
5 REGIONAL TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.)
6.1.2 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Merck KGaA (Germany)
6.2.1 Company Information
6.2.2 Product Specifications
6.2.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.3 PerkinElmer, Inc. (U.S.)
6.3.1 Company Information
6.3.2 Product Specifications
6.3.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.4 General Electric Company (U.S.)
6.4.1 Company Information
6.4.2 Product Specifications
6.4.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.5 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland)
6.5.1 Company Information
6.5.2 Product Specifications
6.5.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.6 New England Biolabs (U.S.)
6.6.1 Company Information
6.6.2 Product Specifications
6.6.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.7 Kaneka Corporation (Japan)
6.7.1 Company Information
6.7.2 Product Specifications
6.7.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.8 Promega Corporation (U.S.)
6.8.1 Company Information
6.8.2 Product Specifications
6.8.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.9 LI-COR, Inc. (U.S.)
6.9.1 Company Information
6.9.2 Product Specifications
6.9.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.10 SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc. (U.S.)
6.10.1 Company Information
6.10.2 Product Specifications
6.10.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
LIST OF TABLES
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Merck KGaA (Germany)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of PerkinElmer, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of General Electric Company (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of New England Biolabs (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Kaneka Corporation (Japan)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Promega Corporation (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of LI-COR, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Merck KGaA (Germany)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of PerkinElmer, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of General Electric Company (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of New England Biolabs (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Kaneka Corporation (Japan)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Promega Corporation (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of LI-COR, Inc. (U.S.)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc. (U.S.)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Enzymes Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Enzymes Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Enzymes Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Enzymes Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Protein Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Protein Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent SWOT List
Figure Chemical & Material Porter's Five Forces
Figure Enzymes Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Enzymes Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Enzymes Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Enzymes Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Monoclonal Antibodies Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Probes/Tags Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Protein Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Protein Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Cell-based Assays Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Fluorescence Microscopy Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Immunological Techniques Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Mass Spectrometry Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Protein Microarray Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Protein Nanoparticle Labeling Reagent SWOT List
Figure Chemical & Material Porter's Five Forces
