Global and United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Research by Company, Type & Application 2013-2025
SUMMARY
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
Section 1:
Product definition, type and application, global and United States market overview;
Section 2:
Global and United States Market competition by company;
Section 3:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5:
United States export and import;
Section 6:
Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7:
Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8:
SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9:
Conclusion.
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
- Paraffin Inhibitors
- Asphaltene Inhibitors
- Scale Inhibitors
- Drag Reducing Agent
- Hydrate Inhibitors
- Others
- Extraction
- Pipeline
- Refinery
- Others
- Halliburton
- Nalco Champion
- BASF
- Schlumberger
- Infineum
- Evonik Industries
- WRT BV
- Clariant
- LiquidPower Specialty Products
- Flowchem
- Baker Hughes
- Innospec
- Oil Flux Americas
- The Zoranoc Oilfield Chemical
- CNPC
Section 1:
Product definition, type and application, global and United States market overview;
Section 2:
Global and United States Market competition by company;
Section 3:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5:
United States export and import;
Section 6:
Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7:
Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8:
SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9:
Conclusion.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Paraffin Inhibitors
1.1.2.2 Asphaltene Inhibitors
1.1.2.3 Scale Inhibitors
1.1.2.4 Drag Reducing Agent
1.1.2.5 Hydrate Inhibitors
1.1.2.6 Others
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Extraction
1.1.3.2 Pipeline
1.1.3.3 Refinery
1.1.3.4 Others
1.2 Global and Regional Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 United States Overview
2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 United States
2.2.1 United States Sales by Company
2.2.2 United States Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 United States
3.2.1 United States Sales by Type
3.2.2 United States Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Sales by Application
4.2.2 United States Price by Application
5 REGIONAL TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Halliburton
6.1.2 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Nalco Champion
6.2.1 Company Information
6.2.2 Product Specifications
6.2.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.3 BASF
6.3.1 Company Information
6.3.2 Product Specifications
6.3.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.4 Schlumberger
6.4.1 Company Information
6.4.2 Product Specifications
6.4.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.5 Infineum
6.5.1 Company Information
6.5.2 Product Specifications
6.5.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.6 Evonik Industries
6.6.1 Company Information
6.6.2 Product Specifications
6.6.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.7 WRT BV
6.7.1 Company Information
6.7.2 Product Specifications
6.7.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.8 Clariant
6.8.1 Company Information
6.8.2 Product Specifications
6.8.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.9 LiquidPower Specialty Products
6.9.1 Company Information
6.9.2 Product Specifications
6.9.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.10 Flowchem
6.10.1 Company Information
6.10.2 Product Specifications
6.10.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.11 Baker Hughes
6.12 Innospec
6.13 Oil Flux Americas
6.14 The Zoranoc Oilfield Chemical
6.15 CNPC
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Paraffin Inhibitors
1.1.2.2 Asphaltene Inhibitors
1.1.2.3 Scale Inhibitors
1.1.2.4 Drag Reducing Agent
1.1.2.5 Hydrate Inhibitors
1.1.2.6 Others
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Extraction
1.1.3.2 Pipeline
1.1.3.3 Refinery
1.1.3.4 Others
1.2 Global and Regional Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 United States Overview
2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 United States
2.2.1 United States Sales by Company
2.2.2 United States Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 United States
3.2.1 United States Sales by Type
3.2.2 United States Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Sales by Application
4.2.2 United States Price by Application
5 REGIONAL TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Halliburton
6.1.2 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Nalco Champion
6.2.1 Company Information
6.2.2 Product Specifications
6.2.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.3 BASF
6.3.1 Company Information
6.3.2 Product Specifications
6.3.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.4 Schlumberger
6.4.1 Company Information
6.4.2 Product Specifications
6.4.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.5 Infineum
6.5.1 Company Information
6.5.2 Product Specifications
6.5.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.6 Evonik Industries
6.6.1 Company Information
6.6.2 Product Specifications
6.6.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.7 WRT BV
6.7.1 Company Information
6.7.2 Product Specifications
6.7.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.8 Clariant
6.8.1 Company Information
6.8.2 Product Specifications
6.8.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.9 LiquidPower Specialty Products
6.9.1 Company Information
6.9.2 Product Specifications
6.9.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.10 Flowchem
6.10.1 Company Information
6.10.2 Product Specifications
6.10.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.11 Baker Hughes
6.12 Innospec
6.13 Oil Flux Americas
6.14 The Zoranoc Oilfield Chemical
6.15 CNPC
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
LIST OF TABLES
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Halliburton
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Nalco Champion
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of BASF
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Schlumberger
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Infineum
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Evonik Industries
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of WRT BV
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Clariant
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of LiquidPower Specialty Products
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Flowchem
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Baker Hughes
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Innospec
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Oil Flux Americas
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of The Zoranoc Oilfield Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of CNPC
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Halliburton
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Nalco Champion
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of BASF
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Schlumberger
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Infineum
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Evonik Industries
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of WRT BV
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Clariant
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of LiquidPower Specialty Products
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Flowchem
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Baker Hughes
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Innospec
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Oil Flux Americas
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of The Zoranoc Oilfield Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of CNPC
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Extraction Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Extraction Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Extraction Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Extraction Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Pipeline Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Pipeline Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Pipeline Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Pipeline Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Refinery Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Refinery Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Refinery Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Refinery Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) SWOT List
Figure Chemicals & Materials Porter's Five Forces
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Paraffin Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Asphaltene Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Scale Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Drag Reducing Agent Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Hydrate Inhibitors Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Extraction Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Extraction Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Extraction Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Extraction Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Pipeline Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Pipeline Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Pipeline Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Pipeline Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Refinery Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Refinery Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Refinery Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Refinery Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Crude Oil Flow Improvers (COFI) SWOT List
Figure Chemicals & Materials Porter's Five Forces
