Global and China Ammonium Chloride Market Research by Company, Type & Application 2013-2025
SUMMARY
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is an inorganic, mildly acidic, white crystalline salt compound that is highly soluble in water. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps due to condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is used as a flavoring agent in licorice. Ammonium chloride is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
Section 1:
Product definition, type and application, global and China market overview;
Section 2:
Global and China Market competition by company;
Section 3:
Global and China sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4:
Global and China sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5:
China export and import;
Section 6:
Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7:
Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8:
SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9:
Conclusion.
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is an inorganic, mildly acidic, white crystalline salt compound that is highly soluble in water. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps due to condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is used as a flavoring agent in licorice. Ammonium chloride is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
- Agriculture Grade
- Industrial Grade
- Food Grade
- Biology and Agriculture
- Buffer Solution
- Pyrotechnics
- Textile and Leather
- Metalwork
- Food
- Others
- BASF
- Dallas Group
- Central Glass
- Tuticorin Alkali
- Tinco
- Hubei Yihua
- Jinshan Chemical
- CNSG
- HEBANG
- Tianjin Bohua YongLi Chemical
- Haohua Junhua Group
- Jiangsu Debang Chemical
- Jiangsu Huachang Chemical
- Dahua Group
- Shindoo
- Shannxi Xinghua
- Shijiazhuang Shuanglian Chemical
- Liuzhou Chemical
- Hangzhou Longshan Chemical
- Sichuan Guangyu Chemical
- Gansu Jinchang
- Shanxi Yangmei Fengxi Fertilizer
- YNCC
Section 1:
Product definition, type and application, global and China market overview;
Section 2:
Global and China Market competition by company;
Section 3:
Global and China sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4:
Global and China sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5:
China export and import;
Section 6:
Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7:
Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8:
SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9:
Conclusion.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Agriculture Grade
1.1.2.2 Industrial Grade
1.1.2.3 Food Grade
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Biology and Agriculture
1.1.3.2 Buffer Solution
1.1.3.3 Pyrotechnics
1.1.3.4 Textile and Leather
1.1.3.5 Metalwork
1.1.3.6 Food
1.1.3.7 Others
1.2 Global and China Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 China Overview
2 GLOBAL AND CHINA MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 China
2.2.1 China Sales by Company
2.2.2 China Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND CHINA MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 China
3.2.1 China Sales by Type
3.2.2 China Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND CHINA MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 China
4.2.1 China Sales by Application
4.2.2 China Price by Application
5 CHINA TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 BASF
6.1.1 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Dallas Group
6.3 Central Glass
6.4 Tuticorin Alkali
6.5 Tinco
6.6 Hubei Yihua
6.7 Jinshan Chemical
6.8 CNSG
6.9 HEBANG
6.10 Tianjin Bohua YongLi Chemical
6.11 Haohua Junhua Group
6.12 Jiangsu Debang Chemical
6.13 Jiangsu Huachang Chemical
6.14 Dahua Group
6.15 Shindoo
6.16 Shannxi Xinghua
6.17 Shijiazhuang Shuanglian Chemical
6.18 Liuzhou Chemical
6.19 Hangzhou Longshan Chemical
6.20 Sichuan Guangyu Chemical
6.21 Gansu Jinchang
6.22 Shanxi Yangmei Fengxi Fertilizer
6.23 YNCC
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Agriculture Grade
1.1.2.2 Industrial Grade
1.1.2.3 Food Grade
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Biology and Agriculture
1.1.3.2 Buffer Solution
1.1.3.3 Pyrotechnics
1.1.3.4 Textile and Leather
1.1.3.5 Metalwork
1.1.3.6 Food
1.1.3.7 Others
1.2 Global and China Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 China Overview
2 GLOBAL AND CHINA MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 China
2.2.1 China Sales by Company
2.2.2 China Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND CHINA MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 China
3.2.1 China Sales by Type
3.2.2 China Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND CHINA MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 China
4.2.1 China Sales by Application
4.2.2 China Price by Application
5 CHINA TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 BASF
6.1.1 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Dallas Group
6.3 Central Glass
6.4 Tuticorin Alkali
6.5 Tinco
6.6 Hubei Yihua
6.7 Jinshan Chemical
6.8 CNSG
6.9 HEBANG
6.10 Tianjin Bohua YongLi Chemical
6.11 Haohua Junhua Group
6.12 Jiangsu Debang Chemical
6.13 Jiangsu Huachang Chemical
6.14 Dahua Group
6.15 Shindoo
6.16 Shannxi Xinghua
6.17 Shijiazhuang Shuanglian Chemical
6.18 Liuzhou Chemical
6.19 Hangzhou Longshan Chemical
6.20 Sichuan Guangyu Chemical
6.21 Gansu Jinchang
6.22 Shanxi Yangmei Fengxi Fertilizer
6.23 YNCC
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
LIST OF TABLES
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table China Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table China Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table China Price by Application 2013-2017
Table China Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table China Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table China Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table China Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of BASF
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Dallas Group
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Central Glass
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tuticorin Alkali
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tinco
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hubei Yihua
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jinshan Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of CNSG
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of HEBANG
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tianjin Bohua YongLi Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Haohua Junhua Group
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jiangsu Debang Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jiangsu Huachang Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Dahua Group
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shindoo
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shannxi Xinghua
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shijiazhuang Shuanglian Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Liuzhou Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hangzhou Longshan Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Sichuan Guangyu Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Gansu Jinchang
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shanxi Yangmei Fengxi Fertilizer
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of YNCC
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table China Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table China Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table China Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table China Price by Application 2013-2017
Table China Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table China Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table China Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table China Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of BASF
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Dallas Group
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Central Glass
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tuticorin Alkali
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tinco
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hubei Yihua
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jinshan Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of CNSG
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of HEBANG
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tianjin Bohua YongLi Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Haohua Junhua Group
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jiangsu Debang Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jiangsu Huachang Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Dahua Group
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shindoo
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shannxi Xinghua
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shijiazhuang Shuanglian Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Liuzhou Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hangzhou Longshan Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Sichuan Guangyu Chemical
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Gansu Jinchang
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Shanxi Yangmei Fengxi Fertilizer
Table Sales Revenue, Salels Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of YNCC
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Food Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Food Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Food Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Food Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Metalwork Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Metalwork Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Metalwork Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Metalwork Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Food Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Food Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Food Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Food Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Ammonium Chloride SWOT List
Figure Ammonium Chloride Porter's Five Forces
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Agriculture Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Industrial Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Food Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Food Grade Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Food Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Food Grade Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Biology and Agriculture Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Buffer Solution Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Pyrotechnics Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Textile and Leather Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Metalwork Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Metalwork Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Metalwork Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Metalwork Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Food Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Food Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Food Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Food Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2018 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Ammonium Chloride Market Forecast and CAGR 2019-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure China Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Ammonium Chloride SWOT List
Figure Ammonium Chloride Porter's Five Forces
