Global Dammar Gum Market Research Report 2017

August 2017 | 107 pages | ID: G55E3E51062EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the global Dammar Gum market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), market share and growth rate of Dammar Gum in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast), covering

• North America
• Europe
• China
• Japan
• Southeast Asia
• India

Global Dammar Gum market competition by top manufacturers, with production, price, revenue (value) and market share for each manufacturer; the top players including

• Starlight
• Sennelier
• BECI Handel
• Cornelissen & Son
• William Bernstein Company

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Type I
• Type II

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, consumption (sales), market share and growth rate of Dammar Gum for each application, including

• Foods
• Varnish
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

Global Dammar Gum Market Research Report 2017

1 DAMMAR GUM MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Dammar Gum
1.2 Dammar Gum Segment by Type (Product Category)
  1.2.1 Global Dammar Gum Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2012-2022)
  1.2.2 Global Dammar Gum Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3
  1.2.4
1.3 Global Dammar Gum Segment by Application
  1.3.1 Dammar Gum Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Foods
  1.3.3 Varnish
  1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Dammar Gum Market by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.1 Global Dammar Gum Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Dammar Gum (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 Global Dammar Gum Revenue Status and Outlook (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

2 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS

2.1 Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
  2.1.1 Global Dammar Gum Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
  2.1.2 Global Dammar Gum Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.2 Global Dammar Gum Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.3 Global Dammar Gum Average Price by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.4 Manufacturers Dammar Gum Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type
2.5 Dammar Gum Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.5.1 Dammar Gum Market Concentration Rate
  2.5.2 Dammar Gum Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
  2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 Global Dammar Gum Capacity and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 Global Dammar Gum Production and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.4 Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
3.5 North America Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
3.6 Europe Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
3.7 China Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
3.8 Japan Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
3.9 Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
3.10 India Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

4 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM SUPPLY (PRODUCTION), CONSUMPTION, EXPORT, IMPORT BY REGION (2012-2017)

4.1 Global Dammar Gum Consumption by Region (2012-2017)
4.2 North America Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)
4.3 Europe Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)
4.4 China Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)
4.5 Japan Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)
4.6 Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)
4.7 India Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

5 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE), PRICE TREND BY TYPE

5.1 Global Dammar Gum Production and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
5.2 Global Dammar Gum Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
5.3 Global Dammar Gum Price by Type (2012-2017)
5.4 Global Dammar Gum Production Growth by Type (2012-2017)

6 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

6.1 Global Dammar Gum Consumption and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
6.2 Global Dammar Gum Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
  6.3.1 Potential Applications
  6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM MANUFACTURERS PROFILES/ANALYSIS

7.1 Starlight
  7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.1.2 Dammar Gum Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.1.2.1 Product A
    7.1.2.2 Product B
  7.1.3 Starlight Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.2 Sennelier
  7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.2.2 Dammar Gum Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.2.2.1 Product A
    7.2.2.2 Product B
  7.2.3 Sennelier Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.3 BECI Handel
  7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.3.2 Dammar Gum Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.3.2.1 Product A
    7.3.2.2 Product B
  7.3.3 BECI Handel Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.4 Cornelissen & Son
  7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.4.2 Dammar Gum Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.4.2.1 Product A
    7.4.2.2 Product B
  7.4.3 Cornelissen & Son Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.5 William Bernstein Company
  7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
  7.5.2 Dammar Gum Product Category, Application and Specification
    7.5.2.1 Product A
    7.5.2.2 Product B
  7.5.3 William Bernstein Company Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview

8 DAMMAR GUM MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

8.1 Dammar Gum Key Raw Materials Analysis
  8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  8.2.1 Raw Materials
  8.2.2 Labor Cost
  8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dammar Gum

9 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

9.1 Dammar Gum Industrial Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Dammar Gum Major Manufacturers in 2015
9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

10.1 Marketing Channel
  10.1.1 Direct Marketing
  10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
  10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  10.2.2 Brand Strategy
  10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  11.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 GLOBAL DAMMAR GUM MARKET FORECAST (2017-2022)

12.1 Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.1.1 Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.1.2 Global Dammar Gum Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.1.3 Global Dammar Gum Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
12.2 Global Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import and Export Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
  12.2.1 North America Dammar Gum Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.2.2 Europe Dammar Gum Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.2.3 China Dammar Gum Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.2.4 Japan Dammar Gum Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.2.5 Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)
  12.2.6 India Dammar Gum Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2017-2022)
12.3 Global Dammar Gum Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
12.4 Global Dammar Gum Consumption Forecast by Application (2017-2022)

13 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

14 APPENDIX

14.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  14.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  14.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.2 Data Source
  14.2.1 Secondary Sources
  14.2.2 Primary Sources
14.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Dammar Gum
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Product Picture of Type I
Table Major Manufacturers of Type I
Figure Product Picture of Type II
Table Major Manufacturers of Type II
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) by Applications (2012-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2016
Figure Foods Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Foods
Figure Varnish Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Varnish
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure Global Dammar Gum Market Size (Million USD), Comparison (K MT) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2012-2022)
Figure North America Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Europe Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure China Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Japan Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure India Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2012-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT) Status and Outlook (2012-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Major Players Product Capacity (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity (K MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2017
Figure Global Dammar Gum Major Players Product Production (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Production Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 Dammar Gum Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2017 Dammar Gum Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure Global Dammar Gum Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table 2016 Global Dammar Gum Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2017 Global Dammar Gum Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Market Dammar Gum Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure Global Market Dammar Gum Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Table Manufacturers Dammar Gum Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Manufacturers Dammar Gum Product Category
Figure Dammar Gum Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Dammar Gum Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table Global Dammar Gum Capacity (K MT) by Region (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 Global Dammar Gum Capacity Market Share by Region
Table Global Dammar Gum Production by Region (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) by Region (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 Global Dammar Gum Production Market Share by Region
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table 2016 Global Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share by Region
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT) and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table North America Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Europe Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table China Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Japan Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table India Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) Market by Region (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) Market Share by Region
Table North America Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table Europe Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table China Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table Japan Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table India Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K MT) (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) by Type (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Production Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Production Market Share of Dammar Gum by Type (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 Production Market Share of Dammar Gum by Type
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Production Revenue Share of Dammar Gum by Type (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 Revenue Market Share of Dammar Gum by Type
Table Global Dammar Gum Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production Growth by Type (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) by Application (2012-2017)
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share by Application in 2016
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Starlight Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Starlight Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Starlight Dammar Gum Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Starlight Dammar Gum Production Market Share (2012-2017)
Figure Starlight Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Sennelier Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Sennelier Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Sennelier Dammar Gum Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Sennelier Dammar Gum Production Market Share (2012-2017)
Figure Sennelier Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)
Table BECI Handel Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table BECI Handel Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure BECI Handel Dammar Gum Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure BECI Handel Dammar Gum Production Market Share (2012-2017)
Figure BECI Handel Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Cornelissen & Son Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Cornelissen & Son Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Cornelissen & Son Dammar Gum Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Cornelissen & Son Dammar Gum Production Market Share (2012-2017)
Figure Cornelissen & Son Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)
Table William Bernstein Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table William Bernstein Company Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure William Bernstein Company Dammar Gum Production Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure William Bernstein Company Dammar Gum Production Market Share (2012-2017)
Figure William Bernstein Company Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Dammar Gum
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dammar Gum
Figure Dammar Gum Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Dammar Gum Major Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Dammar Gum
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Dammar Gum Capacity, Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Price (Million USD) and Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption Market Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure North America Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure North America Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table North America Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K MT) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Europe Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table Europe Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K MT) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table China Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K MT) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Japan Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table Japan Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K MT) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table Southeast Asia Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K MT) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure India Dammar Gum Production (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure India Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Table India Dammar Gum Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K MT) Forecast (2017-2022)
Table Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Production (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Dammar Gum Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Dammar Gum Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Table Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure Global Dammar Gum Consumption (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Source