Global Bovine Serum Albumin Market Size study, by Type (North America Sourced, South America Sourced, Australia Sourced, Others), by Application (ELISAs, Immunoblots, Immunohistochemistry, Others) and Regional Forecasts 2018-2025
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Global Bovine Serum Albumin Market to reach USD 10305 million by 2025.
Global Bovine Serum Albumin Market valued approximately USD 5400 million in 2017 is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 9.6% over the forecast period 2018-2025. The Bovine Serum Albumin Market is continuously growing across the world over the coming years. Albumins represent a group of acidic proteins; whose basic function is to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood. It is found in bodily fluids as well as tissues of mammals and in plants too. Serum and plasma derived albumins are carbohydrate free and constitute about 55% to 62% of the total protein content. Albumin is produced in the liver and gets secreted or diffused into the blood system. They play an important role in regulating blood volume and act as transporters for molecules such as hormones, bile salts, ions, etc. Increasing use of blood plasma products in the food industry, advances in bovine blood collection and processing and rise in demand for animal meat and animal protein among the human population are the key driving factors of the market. In addition, spreading scope of animal by-products in cell culture technology, increased demand for bovine serum albumin as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, and improvement in the supply chain and distribution network in the global market is also boosting the market. Bovine Serum Albumin is the nutrient that repairs and helps tissues grow and develop and it also guards bodies against infections & disease-causing viruses. These factors also boosting the demand of bovine serum albumin in the market across the globe. However, rise in bovine diseases resulting in reduced production, and increase in preference for alternative products hamper the market growth.
The regional analysis of Global Bovine Serum Albumin Market is considered for the key regions such as Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America and Rest of the World. Asia Pacific is the leading/significant region across the world in terms of market share owing to higher consumer base and increasing disposable income of individuals in the region. Europe is also anticipated to grow in the global Bovine Serum Albumin market in the coming years. North America is also anticipated to exhibit higher growth rate / CAGR over the forecast period 2018-2025 due to increasing consumption of bovine serum albumin in the region.
The major market player included in this report are:
By Type:
Global Bovine Serum Albumin Market valued approximately USD 5400 million in 2017 is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 9.6% over the forecast period 2018-2025. The Bovine Serum Albumin Market is continuously growing across the world over the coming years. Albumins represent a group of acidic proteins; whose basic function is to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood. It is found in bodily fluids as well as tissues of mammals and in plants too. Serum and plasma derived albumins are carbohydrate free and constitute about 55% to 62% of the total protein content. Albumin is produced in the liver and gets secreted or diffused into the blood system. They play an important role in regulating blood volume and act as transporters for molecules such as hormones, bile salts, ions, etc. Increasing use of blood plasma products in the food industry, advances in bovine blood collection and processing and rise in demand for animal meat and animal protein among the human population are the key driving factors of the market. In addition, spreading scope of animal by-products in cell culture technology, increased demand for bovine serum albumin as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, and improvement in the supply chain and distribution network in the global market is also boosting the market. Bovine Serum Albumin is the nutrient that repairs and helps tissues grow and develop and it also guards bodies against infections & disease-causing viruses. These factors also boosting the demand of bovine serum albumin in the market across the globe. However, rise in bovine diseases resulting in reduced production, and increase in preference for alternative products hamper the market growth.
The regional analysis of Global Bovine Serum Albumin Market is considered for the key regions such as Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America and Rest of the World. Asia Pacific is the leading/significant region across the world in terms of market share owing to higher consumer base and increasing disposable income of individuals in the region. Europe is also anticipated to grow in the global Bovine Serum Albumin market in the coming years. North America is also anticipated to exhibit higher growth rate / CAGR over the forecast period 2018-2025 due to increasing consumption of bovine serum albumin in the region.
The major market player included in this report are:
- Lake Immunogenic
- Auckland BioSciences
- Kraeber & Co. GmbH
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
- Rocky Mountain Biological
- LAMPIRE Biological Laboratories
- Bovogen
- Proliant
- ANZCO Foods
- Biowest
- Merck
- Moregate BioTech
- Gemini
- Internegocios
- RMBIO
By Type:
- North America Sourced
- South America Sourced
- Australia Sourced
- Others
- ELISAs
- Immunoblots
- Immunohistochemistry
- Others
- North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- UK
- Germany
- Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Rest of the World
- Historical year – 2015, 2016
- Base year – 2017
- Forecast period – 2018 to 2025
- Key Consulting Companies & Advisors
- Large, medium-sized, and small enterprises
- Venture capitalists
- Value-Added Resellers (VARs)
- Third-party knowledge providers
- Investment bankers
- Investors
CHAPTER 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1. Market Snapshot
1.2. Key Trends
1.3. Global & Segmental Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.3.1. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, by Type, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.3.2. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, by Application, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.3.3. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, by Region, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.4. Estimation Methodology
1.5. Research Assumption
CHAPTER 2. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET DEFINITION AND SCOPE
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Market Definition & Scope
2.2.1. Industry Evolution
2.2.2. Scope of the Study
2.3. Years Considered for the Study
2.4. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 3. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. See Saw Analysis
3.1.1. Market Drivers
3.1.2. Market Challenges
3.1.3. Market Opportunities
CHAPTER 4. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.2. PEST Analysis
4.2.1. Political Scenario
4.2.2. Economic Scenario
4.2.3. Social Scenario
4.2.4. Technological Scenario
4.3. Value Chain Analysis
4.3.1. Supplier
4.3.2. Manufacturers/Service Provider
4.3.3. Distributors
4.3.4. End-User
4.4. Key Buying Criteria
4.5. Regulatory Framework
4.6. Cost Structure Analysis
4.6.1. Raw Material Cost Analysis
4.6.2. Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.6.3. Labour Cost Analysis
4.7. Investment Vs Adoption Scenario
4.8. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET, BY TYPE
5.1. Market Snapshot
5.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
5.3. Key Market Players
5.4. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
5.4.1. North America Sourced
5.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.2. South America Sourced
5.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.3. Australia Sourced
5.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.4. Others
5.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.4.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion
CHAPTER 6. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET, BY APPLICATION
6.1. Market Snapshot
6.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
6.3. Key Market Players
6.4. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
6.4.1. ELISAs
6.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.2. Immunoblots
6.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.3. Immunohistochemistry
6.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.4. Other
6.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.4.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 7. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET, BY REGIONAL ANALYSIS
7.1. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, Regional Market Snapshot (2015-2025)
7.2. North America Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.2.1. U.S.
7.2.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.2. Canada
7.2.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3. Europe Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.3.1. U.K.
7.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2. Germany
7.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3. France
7.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.4. Rest of Europe
7.3.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.4.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.4.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4. Asia Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.4.1. China
7.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.2. India
7.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.3. Japan
7.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.3.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.3.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
7.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.4.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.4.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5. Latin America Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.5.1. Brazil
7.5.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.2. Mexico
7.5.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6. Rest of The World
7.6.1. South America
7.6.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.2. Middle East and Africa
7.6.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 8. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
8.1. Company Market Share (Subject to Data Availability)
8.2. Top Market Strategies
8.3. Company Profiles
8.3.1. Lake Immunogenic
8.3.1.1. Overview
8.3.1.2. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
8.3.1.3. Product Summary
8.3.1.4. Recent Developments
8.3.2. Auckland BioSciences
8.3.3. Kraeber & Co. GmbH
8.3.4. Thermo Fisher Scientific
8.3.5. Rocky Mountain Biological
8.3.6. LAMPIRE Biological Laboratories
8.3.7. Bovogen
8.3.8. Proliant
8.3.9. ANZCO Foods
8.3.10. Biowest
8.3.11. Merck
8.3.12. Moregate BioTech
8.3.13. Gemini
8.3.14. Internegocios
8.3.15. RMBIO
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCH PROCESS
9.1. Research Process
9.1.1. Data Mining
9.1.2. Analysis
9.1.3. Market Estimation
9.1.4. Validation
9.1.5. Publishing
9.1.6. Research Assumption
1.1. Market Snapshot
1.2. Key Trends
1.3. Global & Segmental Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.3.1. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, by Type, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.3.2. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, by Application, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.3.3. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, by Region, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
1.4. Estimation Methodology
1.5. Research Assumption
CHAPTER 2. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET DEFINITION AND SCOPE
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Market Definition & Scope
2.2.1. Industry Evolution
2.2.2. Scope of the Study
2.3. Years Considered for the Study
2.4. Currency Conversion Rates
CHAPTER 3. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1. See Saw Analysis
3.1.1. Market Drivers
3.1.2. Market Challenges
3.1.3. Market Opportunities
CHAPTER 4. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
4.1. Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter’s 5 Force Model
4.2. PEST Analysis
4.2.1. Political Scenario
4.2.2. Economic Scenario
4.2.3. Social Scenario
4.2.4. Technological Scenario
4.3. Value Chain Analysis
4.3.1. Supplier
4.3.2. Manufacturers/Service Provider
4.3.3. Distributors
4.3.4. End-User
4.4. Key Buying Criteria
4.5. Regulatory Framework
4.6. Cost Structure Analysis
4.6.1. Raw Material Cost Analysis
4.6.2. Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.6.3. Labour Cost Analysis
4.7. Investment Vs Adoption Scenario
4.8. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
CHAPTER 5. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET, BY TYPE
5.1. Market Snapshot
5.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
5.3. Key Market Players
5.4. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
5.4.1. North America Sourced
5.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.2. South America Sourced
5.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.3. Australia Sourced
5.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.4. Others
5.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
5.4.4.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion
CHAPTER 6. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET, BY APPLICATION
6.1. Market Snapshot
6.2. Market Performance - Potential Model
6.3. Key Market Players
6.4. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
6.4.1. ELISAs
6.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.1.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.2. Immunoblots
6.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.2.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.3. Immunohistochemistry
6.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.3.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.4. Other
6.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
6.4.4.2. Regional breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 7. BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MARKET, BY REGIONAL ANALYSIS
7.1. Bovine Serum Albumin Market, Regional Market Snapshot (2015-2025)
7.2. North America Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.2.1. U.S.
7.2.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.2. Canada
7.2.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.2.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3. Europe Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.3.1. U.K.
7.3.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2. Germany
7.3.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3. France
7.3.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.3.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.4. Rest of Europe
7.3.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.4.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.3.4.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4. Asia Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.4.1. China
7.4.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.2. India
7.4.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.3. Japan
7.4.3.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.3.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.3.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
7.4.4.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.4.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.4.4.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5. Latin America Bovine Serum Albumin Market Snapshot
7.5.1. Brazil
7.5.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.2. Mexico
7.5.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.5.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6. Rest of The World
7.6.1. South America
7.6.1.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.1.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.1.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.2. Middle East and Africa
7.6.2.1. Market estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.2.2. Type breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
7.6.2.3. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2015-2025 (USD Billion)
CHAPTER 8. COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
8.1. Company Market Share (Subject to Data Availability)
8.2. Top Market Strategies
8.3. Company Profiles
8.3.1. Lake Immunogenic
8.3.1.1. Overview
8.3.1.2. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
8.3.1.3. Product Summary
8.3.1.4. Recent Developments
8.3.2. Auckland BioSciences
8.3.3. Kraeber & Co. GmbH
8.3.4. Thermo Fisher Scientific
8.3.5. Rocky Mountain Biological
8.3.6. LAMPIRE Biological Laboratories
8.3.7. Bovogen
8.3.8. Proliant
8.3.9. ANZCO Foods
8.3.10. Biowest
8.3.11. Merck
8.3.12. Moregate BioTech
8.3.13. Gemini
8.3.14. Internegocios
8.3.15. RMBIO
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCH PROCESS
9.1. Research Process
9.1.1. Data Mining
9.1.2. Analysis
9.1.3. Market Estimation
9.1.4. Validation
9.1.5. Publishing
9.1.6. Research Assumption