Europe Metakaolin Market Report 2016

October 2016 | 127 pages | ID: E6FD12EC24EEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Sales, means the sales volume of Metakaolin

Revenue, means the sales value of Metakaolin

This report studies sales (consumption) of Metakaolin in Europe market, especially in Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Benelux and Spain, focuses on top players in these countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these Countries, covering

• BASF
• Daleco Resources
• Imerys
• I-Minerals
• KaMin
• LB Minerals
• SCR-Sibelco
• Thiele Kaolin
• Poraver
• Calix
• Infine Chemicals Co.,Ltd.
• Kay Manufacturing Company

Market Segment by Countries, this report splits Europe into several key Countries, with sales (consumption), revenue, market share and growth rate of Metakaolin in these countries, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• Germany
• France
• UK
• Russia
• Italy
• Spain
• Benelux

Split by product type, with sales, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Type I
• Type II
• Type III

Split by application, this report focuses on sales, market share and growth rate of Metakaolin in each application, can be divided into

• Application 1
• Application 2
• Application 3

Contents

Europe Metakaolin Market Report 2016

1 METAKAOLIN OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Metakaolin
1.2 Classification of Metakaolin
  1.2.1 Type I
  1.2.2 Type II
  1.2.3 Type III
1.3 Application of Metakaolin
  1.3.1 Application
  1.3.2 Application
  1.3.3 Application
1.4 Metakaolin Market by Countries
  1.4.1 Germany Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 France Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 UK Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Russia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.5 Italy Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.6 Spain Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.7 Benelux Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Metakaolin (2011-2021)
  1.5.1 Europe Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
  1.5.2 Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)

2 EUROPE METAKAOLIN BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

2.1 Europe Metakaolin Market Competition by Manufacturers
  2.1.1 Europe Metakaolin Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
  2.1.2 Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 Europe Metakaolin (Volume and Value) by Type
  2.2.1 Europe Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
  2.2.2 Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
2.3 Europe Metakaolin (Volume and Value) by Countries
  2.3.1 Europe Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
  2.3.2 Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
2.4 Europe Metakaolin (Volume) by Application

3 GERMANY METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

3.1 Germany Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  3.1.1 Germany Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.2 Germany Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  3.1.3 Germany Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
3.2 Germany Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
3.3 Germany Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
3.4 Germany Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

4 FRANCE METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

4.1 France Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  4.1.1 France Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.2 France Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  4.1.4 France Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
4.2 France Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
4.3 France Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
4.4 France Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

5 UK METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

5.1 UK Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  5.1.1 UK Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.2 UK Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  5.1.5 UK Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
5.2 UK Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
5.3 UK Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
5.4 UK Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

6 RUSSIA METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Russia Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  6.1.1 Russia Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.2 Russia Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  6.1.6 Russia Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
6.2 Russia Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Russia Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Russia Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

7 ITALY METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 Italy Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  7.1.1 Italy Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.2 Italy Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  7.1.7 Italy Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
7.2 Italy Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 Italy Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 Italy Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

8 SPAIN METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 Spain Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  8.1.1 Spain Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.2 Spain Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  8.1.8 Spain Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
8.2 Spain Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 Spain Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 Spain Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

9 BENELUX METAKAOLIN (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

9.1 Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Value (2011-2016)
  9.1.1 Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  9.1.2 Benelux Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
  9.1.9 Benelux Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
9.2 Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
9.3 Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type
9.4 Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application

10 EUROPE METAKAOLIN MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

10.1 BASF
  10.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.1.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.1.2.1 Type I
    10.1.2.2 Type II
  10.1.3 BASF Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.2 Daleco Resources
  10.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.2.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.2.2.1 Type I
    10.2.2.2 Type II
  10.2.3 Daleco Resources Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.3 Imerys
  10.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.3.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.3.2.1 Type I
    10.3.2.2 Type II
  10.3.3 Imerys Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.4 I-Minerals
  10.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.4.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.4.2.1 Type I
    10.4.2.2 Type II
  10.4.3 I-Minerals Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.5 KaMin
  10.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.5.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.5.2.1 Type I
    10.5.2.2 Type II
  10.5.3 KaMin Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.6 LB Minerals
  10.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.6.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.6.2.1 Type I
    10.6.2.2 Type II
  10.6.3 LB Minerals Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.7 SCR-Sibelco
  10.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.7.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.7.2.1 Type I
    10.7.2.2 Type II
  10.7.3 SCR-Sibelco Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.8 Thiele Kaolin
  10.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.8.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.8.2.1 Type I
    10.8.2.2 Type II
  10.8.3 Thiele Kaolin Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.9 Poraver
  10.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.9.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.9.2.1 Type I
    10.9.2.2 Type II
  10.9.3 Poraver Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.10 Calix
  10.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  10.10.2 Metakaolin Product Type, Application and Specification
    10.10.2.1 Type I
    10.10.2.2 Type II
  10.10.3 Calix Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
  10.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
10.11 Infine Chemicals Co.,Ltd.
10.12 Kay Manufacturing Company

11 METAKAOLIN MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

11.1 Metakaolin Key Raw Materials Analysis
  11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  11.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  11.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  11.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
11.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  11.2.1 Raw Materials
  11.2.2 Labor Cost
  11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Metakaolin

12 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

12.1 Metakaolin Industrial Chain Analysis
12.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
12.3 Raw Materials Sources of Metakaolin Major Manufacturers in 2015
12.4 Downstream Buyers

13 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

13.1 Marketing Channel
  13.1.1 Direct Marketing
  13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
13.2 Market Positioning
  13.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  13.2.2 Brand Strategy
  13.2.3 Target Client
13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 EUROPE METAKAOLIN MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

14.1 Germany Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.2 France Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.3 UK Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.4 Russia Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.5 Italy Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.6 Spain Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.7 Benelux Metakaolin Sales Forecast (2016-2021)
14.8 Europe Metakaolin Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
14.9 Europe Metakaolin Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

15 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

16 APPENDIX

Author List
Disclosure Section
Research Methodology
Data Source
Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Metakaolin
Table Classification of Metakaolin
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Metakaolin by Type in 2015
Figure Type I Picture
Figure Type II Picture
Table Application of Metakaolin
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Metakaolin by Application in 2015
Figure Application 1 Examples
Figure Application 2 Examples
Figure Germany Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure France Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure UK Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Russia Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Italy Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Spain Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Benelux Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Metakaolin Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Metakaolin Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Metakaolin Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Europe Metakaolin Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Europe Metakaolin Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Metakaolin by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Metakaolin Sales Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Metakaolin by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Europe Metakaolin Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Metakaolin by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Revenue Share by Countries (2011-2016)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Metakaolin by Countries (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Sales Market Share of Metakaolin by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Germany Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Germany Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure France Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure France Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure France Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table France Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table France Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure UK Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure UK Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure UK Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table UK Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Russia Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Russia Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Russia Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Russia Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Italy Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Italy Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Italy Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Italy Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Spain Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Spain Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Spain Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Spain Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Benelux Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate (2011-2016)
Figure Benelux Metakaolin Sales Price Trend (2011-2016)
Table Benelux Metakaolin Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Metakaolin Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Metakaolin Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Metakaolin Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Metakaolin Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Metakaolin Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Metakaolin Basic Information List
Table BASF Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Figure BASF Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Daleco Resources Basic Information List
Table Daleco Resources Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Daleco Resources Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Imerys Basic Information List
Table Imerys Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Imerys Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table I-Minerals Basic Information List
Table I-Minerals Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table I-Minerals Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table KaMin Basic Information List
Table KaMin Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table KaMin Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table LB Minerals Basic Information List
Table LB Minerals Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table LB Minerals Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table SCR-Sibelco Basic Information List
Table SCR-Sibelco Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table SCR-Sibelco Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Thiele Kaolin Basic Information List
Table Thiele Kaolin Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Thiele Kaolin Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Poraver Basic Information List
Table Poraver Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Poraver Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Calix Basic Information List
Table Calix Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Calix Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Infine Chemicals Co.,Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Infine Chemicals Co.,Ltd. Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Infine Chemicals Co.,Ltd. Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Kay Manufacturing Company Basic Information List
Table Kay Manufacturing Company Metakaolin Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Kay Manufacturing Company Metakaolin Sales Market Share (2011-2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Metakaolin
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Metakaolin
Figure Metakaolin Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Metakaolin Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Metakaolin
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Germany Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Germany Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure France Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure France Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure UK Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure UK Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Russia Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Russia Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Italy Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Italy Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Spain Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Spain Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Benelux Metakaolin Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Benelux Metakaolin Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Europe Metakaolin Sales Forecast by Application (2016-2021)