Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market By Type (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, Micronutrients), By Crop Type (Cereals & Grain, Pulses & Oilseeds, Fruits & Vegetables, Commercial Crops, Others), By Mode of Application (Soil, Foliar, Fertigation, Others), By Ingredient Type (Organic, Synthetic), By Region, Competition, Forecast and Opportunities, 2028
Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market is anticipated to grow at a significant rate in the projected period of 2028 which is driven by the increasing demand for organic farming & products. In 2020, around 116 thousand hectares of agricultural land area in Egypt was used for organic agriculture.
Egypt liquid fertilizer market is expected to expand during the projected period due to increasing demand for organic farming & products as it helps to sustain the health of soils, ecosystems, and people. In addition to this, increasing demand for better crop yields and the rise in awareness about the benefits of liquid fertilizers dominate the growth of liquid fertilizer market. Egypt liquid fertilizer market is a dynamic and competitive sector that offers opportunities for growth and innovation.
The market players are focusing on expanding their product portfolio, enhancing their quality standards, improving their distribution network, and increasing their market share. Along with it, merger and acquisition activity in the liquid fertilizer market enhances companies' presence in the region. For instance, in September 2021, Yara acquires Finnish Ecolan Oy to expand its organic fertilizer business.
Such acquisitions have allowed companies to better serve their customers and meet the growing demand for liquid fertilizer in Egypt in the forecasted period.
Rising Demand for Improved Crop Yield
Egypt has a rapidly growing population, which led to an increased demand for food production. To meet this demand, farmers are under pressure to increase crop yields to meet the growing demand for food. Liquid fertilizers are a key tool that farmers use to achieve this goal. Liquid fertilizers are a special type of plant nutrient that is dissolved in water and applied directly to the soil or foliage of plants. They are designed to provide essential nutrients to crops in a form that is easily absorbed by the roots or leaves, resulting in faster growth, better yields, and higher-quality produce. Liquid fertilizers are becoming increasingly popular among Egyptian farmers due to their ease of use, effectiveness, and ability to be applied in a precise manner.
For instance, Yara produces Vita fertilizer which provides a complete line of nutrient solutions to increase efficiency and enhance crop performance are used in the form of foliar sprays and plant biostimulants, as well as fertilizer and seed coatings.
There is an increased demand for cereals and grain crops type which include wheat, maize, and rice. Along with it, the demand for cereals and grains in Egypt is driven by the country's growing food processing industry. Processed food products such as bread, pasta, and breakfast cereals are popular among Egyptian consumers, and these products often contain large quantities of wheat and other grains. Thus, the farmers in Egypt focus on increasing the yield of these crops by using liquid fertilizer as it easily dissolves and absorbs in the roots and stems of the crops. In addition, these grains are primarily used for animal feed, as Egypt is a significant producer of poultry, beef, and dairy products.
For instance, Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemical Industries Company are one of the prominent producers of Liquid Fertilizer.
The Egyptian government has taken steps to promote sustainable agriculture practices. These initiatives include subsidies for the use of liquid fertilizers and other sustainable fertilizers, as well as programs to support small-scale farmers. The government is investing in the development of drip irrigation systems, which allow for precise application of liquid fertilizers.
Moreover, the adoption of precision agriculture techniques such as satellite mapping and drone technology, are being used to optimize fertilizer applications and reduce waste. These technologies can help farmers to achieve higher yields and reduce their environmental impact.
Therefore, the improved crop yield using liquid fertilizer led to the growth of Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market in the projected year.
Growing Trend of Organic Farming
Organic farming has increased in Egypt, as consumers become more health-conscious and demand for organic products rises. Organic farming requires the use of natural fertilizers, such as organic liquid fertilizers, which are made from natural sources such as plant and animal waste. The use of organic liquid fertilizers can improve soil health and reduce the environmental impact of conventional fertilizers. The soils have been depleted due to years of intensive farming practices, leading to reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Organic farming practices, including the use of organic liquid fertilizers, help to restore soil health by providing essential nutrients, improving soil structure, and promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
For instance, Agro Egypt International Fertilizer Co. produces Agro Rooter an organic fertilizer with a high content of fast-absorbing humic acids which help to increase the absorption of many nutrients and microelements and improve root development and physical soil properties.
Additionally, conventional farming practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, can have negative impacts on the environment, including soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. To overcome this, organic farming practices are designed to promote environmental conservation by reducing the use of harmful chemicals and promoting biodiversity. With the rise in the organic farming approach the consumption of organic liquid fertilizer increases which helps to promote plant growth without harming the environment.
All these factors dominate the growth of the Liquid Fertilizer market in the upcoming years.
Increasing Demand for Nitrogen Based Liquid Fertilizer
Nitrogen is a nutrient that is highly used in all modern farming systems. It has the ability to produce amino acids, which are then converted into proteins, and it is involved in nearly every metabolic reaction in a plant. Farmers are constantly faced with the issue of insufficient nitrogen availability in the soil. As a result, additional liquid nitrogen fertilizer is required to address the problem. Therefore, the rising demand for nitrogen-based liquid fertilizers dominates the growth of Egypt liquid fertilizer market in the projected period.
However, many farmers still rely on traditional granular fertilizers and are not aware of the advantages of liquid fertilizers, such as improved nutrient uptake and faster plant growth. This lack of awareness & education regarding the benefits of liquid fertilizer decreases the consumption of liquid fertilizer which hampers the market of liquid fertilizer. Along with it, the cost of liquid fertilizers is higher than traditional fertilizers as it includes the high cost of production, transport, and storage of liquid fertilizers due to their perishable nature and the need for specialized equipment. The higher cost of liquid fertilizers deters some farmers from adopting them, particularly small-scale farmers. In addition, the increase in the price of nitrogenous fertilizers results in reduced productivity of land and the quality of production. It will consequently affect the gross domestic product of the state by increasing the burden of the poor farmers and reducing their profits. As it is likely to incur great losses, the absence of proper authority that may represent and defend their rights is expected to restrain the growth of the market. Moreover, excessive use of liquid fertilizers has a negative impact on the environment which includes soil degradation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, thus, the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilizers increases which help to mitigate these concern and slow down the market growth.
Market Segmentation
Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market is segmented based on type, crop type, mode of application, ingredient type, and region. Based on type, the market is divided into nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and micronutrients. Based on the crop type, the market is categorized into cereals & grain, pulses & oilseeds, fruits & vegetables, commercial crops, and others. Based on the mode of application, the market is fragmented into soil, foliar, fertigation, and others. Based on the ingredient type, the market is categorized into organic and synthetic. Based on region, the market is segregated into Alexandria, Suez, Giza, Port Said, Cairo, and Qalyubia.
Company Profiles
Yara Agri Trade Egypt, Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemical Industries Company, Agrofarm Natural Product, El-Nasr Company for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries, Ferchem Masr for Fertilizers and Chemicals, Tiba Egypt, ULTRACHEM Company, Agro Egypt International Fertilizer Co., Kima Aswan, Helwan Fertilizers Company S.A.E. are some of the key players in Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market.
Report Scope:
In this report, Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:
Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies in Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market.
Available Customizations:
With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company’s specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Company Information
Egypt liquid fertilizer market is expected to expand during the projected period due to increasing demand for organic farming & products as it helps to sustain the health of soils, ecosystems, and people. In addition to this, increasing demand for better crop yields and the rise in awareness about the benefits of liquid fertilizers dominate the growth of liquid fertilizer market. Egypt liquid fertilizer market is a dynamic and competitive sector that offers opportunities for growth and innovation.
The market players are focusing on expanding their product portfolio, enhancing their quality standards, improving their distribution network, and increasing their market share. Along with it, merger and acquisition activity in the liquid fertilizer market enhances companies' presence in the region. For instance, in September 2021, Yara acquires Finnish Ecolan Oy to expand its organic fertilizer business.
Such acquisitions have allowed companies to better serve their customers and meet the growing demand for liquid fertilizer in Egypt in the forecasted period.
Rising Demand for Improved Crop Yield
Egypt has a rapidly growing population, which led to an increased demand for food production. To meet this demand, farmers are under pressure to increase crop yields to meet the growing demand for food. Liquid fertilizers are a key tool that farmers use to achieve this goal. Liquid fertilizers are a special type of plant nutrient that is dissolved in water and applied directly to the soil or foliage of plants. They are designed to provide essential nutrients to crops in a form that is easily absorbed by the roots or leaves, resulting in faster growth, better yields, and higher-quality produce. Liquid fertilizers are becoming increasingly popular among Egyptian farmers due to their ease of use, effectiveness, and ability to be applied in a precise manner.
For instance, Yara produces Vita fertilizer which provides a complete line of nutrient solutions to increase efficiency and enhance crop performance are used in the form of foliar sprays and plant biostimulants, as well as fertilizer and seed coatings.
There is an increased demand for cereals and grain crops type which include wheat, maize, and rice. Along with it, the demand for cereals and grains in Egypt is driven by the country's growing food processing industry. Processed food products such as bread, pasta, and breakfast cereals are popular among Egyptian consumers, and these products often contain large quantities of wheat and other grains. Thus, the farmers in Egypt focus on increasing the yield of these crops by using liquid fertilizer as it easily dissolves and absorbs in the roots and stems of the crops. In addition, these grains are primarily used for animal feed, as Egypt is a significant producer of poultry, beef, and dairy products.
For instance, Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemical Industries Company are one of the prominent producers of Liquid Fertilizer.
The Egyptian government has taken steps to promote sustainable agriculture practices. These initiatives include subsidies for the use of liquid fertilizers and other sustainable fertilizers, as well as programs to support small-scale farmers. The government is investing in the development of drip irrigation systems, which allow for precise application of liquid fertilizers.
Moreover, the adoption of precision agriculture techniques such as satellite mapping and drone technology, are being used to optimize fertilizer applications and reduce waste. These technologies can help farmers to achieve higher yields and reduce their environmental impact.
Therefore, the improved crop yield using liquid fertilizer led to the growth of Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market in the projected year.
Growing Trend of Organic Farming
Organic farming has increased in Egypt, as consumers become more health-conscious and demand for organic products rises. Organic farming requires the use of natural fertilizers, such as organic liquid fertilizers, which are made from natural sources such as plant and animal waste. The use of organic liquid fertilizers can improve soil health and reduce the environmental impact of conventional fertilizers. The soils have been depleted due to years of intensive farming practices, leading to reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Organic farming practices, including the use of organic liquid fertilizers, help to restore soil health by providing essential nutrients, improving soil structure, and promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
For instance, Agro Egypt International Fertilizer Co. produces Agro Rooter an organic fertilizer with a high content of fast-absorbing humic acids which help to increase the absorption of many nutrients and microelements and improve root development and physical soil properties.
Additionally, conventional farming practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, can have negative impacts on the environment, including soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. To overcome this, organic farming practices are designed to promote environmental conservation by reducing the use of harmful chemicals and promoting biodiversity. With the rise in the organic farming approach the consumption of organic liquid fertilizer increases which helps to promote plant growth without harming the environment.
All these factors dominate the growth of the Liquid Fertilizer market in the upcoming years.
Increasing Demand for Nitrogen Based Liquid Fertilizer
Nitrogen is a nutrient that is highly used in all modern farming systems. It has the ability to produce amino acids, which are then converted into proteins, and it is involved in nearly every metabolic reaction in a plant. Farmers are constantly faced with the issue of insufficient nitrogen availability in the soil. As a result, additional liquid nitrogen fertilizer is required to address the problem. Therefore, the rising demand for nitrogen-based liquid fertilizers dominates the growth of Egypt liquid fertilizer market in the projected period.
However, many farmers still rely on traditional granular fertilizers and are not aware of the advantages of liquid fertilizers, such as improved nutrient uptake and faster plant growth. This lack of awareness & education regarding the benefits of liquid fertilizer decreases the consumption of liquid fertilizer which hampers the market of liquid fertilizer. Along with it, the cost of liquid fertilizers is higher than traditional fertilizers as it includes the high cost of production, transport, and storage of liquid fertilizers due to their perishable nature and the need for specialized equipment. The higher cost of liquid fertilizers deters some farmers from adopting them, particularly small-scale farmers. In addition, the increase in the price of nitrogenous fertilizers results in reduced productivity of land and the quality of production. It will consequently affect the gross domestic product of the state by increasing the burden of the poor farmers and reducing their profits. As it is likely to incur great losses, the absence of proper authority that may represent and defend their rights is expected to restrain the growth of the market. Moreover, excessive use of liquid fertilizers has a negative impact on the environment which includes soil degradation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, thus, the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilizers increases which help to mitigate these concern and slow down the market growth.
Market Segmentation
Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market is segmented based on type, crop type, mode of application, ingredient type, and region. Based on type, the market is divided into nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and micronutrients. Based on the crop type, the market is categorized into cereals & grain, pulses & oilseeds, fruits & vegetables, commercial crops, and others. Based on the mode of application, the market is fragmented into soil, foliar, fertigation, and others. Based on the ingredient type, the market is categorized into organic and synthetic. Based on region, the market is segregated into Alexandria, Suez, Giza, Port Said, Cairo, and Qalyubia.
Company Profiles
Yara Agri Trade Egypt, Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemical Industries Company, Agrofarm Natural Product, El-Nasr Company for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries, Ferchem Masr for Fertilizers and Chemicals, Tiba Egypt, ULTRACHEM Company, Agro Egypt International Fertilizer Co., Kima Aswan, Helwan Fertilizers Company S.A.E. are some of the key players in Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market.
Report Scope:
In this report, Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:
- Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market, By Type:
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Potash
- Micronutrients
- Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market, By Crop Type:
- Cereals & Grain
- Pulses & Oilseeds
- Fruits & Vegetables
- Commercial Crops
- Others
- Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market, By Mode of Application:
- Soil
- Foliar
- Fertigation
- Others
- Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market, By Ingredient Type:
- Organic
- Synthetic
- Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market, By Region:
- Alexandria
- Suez
- Giza
- Port Said
- Cairo
- Qalyubia
Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies in Egypt Liquid Fertilizer Market.
Available Customizations:
With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company’s specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Company Information
- Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).
1. Product Overview
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
1.2.1. Markets Covered
1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. EGYPT LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
4.1. Market Size & Forecast
4.1.1. By Value & Volume
4.2. Market Share & Forecast
4.2.1. By Type (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, Micronutrients)
4.2.2. By Crop Type (Cereals & Grain, Pulses & Oilseeds, Fruits & Vegetables, Commercial Crops, Others)
4.2.3. By Mode of Application (Soil, Foliar, Fertigation, Others)
4.2.4. By Ingredient Type (Organic and Synthetic)
4.2.5. By Region (Alexandria, Suez, Giza, Port Said, Cairo, Qalyubia)
4.2.6. By Company (2022)
4.3. Product Market Map
5. ALEXANDRIA LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
5.1. Market Size & Forecast
5.1.1. By Value & Volume
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
5.2.1. By Type
5.2.2. By Crop Type
5.2.3. By Mode of Application
5.2.4. By Ingredient Type
6. SUEZ LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Value & Volume
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Type
6.2.2. By Crop Type
6.2.3. By Mode of Application
6.2.4. By Ingredient Type
7. GIZA LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Value & Volume
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Type
7.2.2. By Crop Type
7.2.3. By Mode of Application
7.2.4. By Ingredient Type
8. PORT SAID LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Value & Volume
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Type
8.2.2. By Crop Type
8.2.3. By Mode of Application
8.2.4. By Ingredient Type
9. CAIRO LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Value & Volume
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Type
9.2.2. By Crop Type
9.2.3. By Mode of Application
9.2.4. By Ingredient Type
10. QALYUBIA LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Value & Volume
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Type
10.2.2. By Crop Type
10.2.3. By Mode of Application
10.2.4. By Ingredient Type
11. MARKET DYNAMICS
11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges
12. MARKET TRENDS & DEVELOPMENTS
12.1. Research & Development
12.2. Product launch
12.3. Merger & Acquisition
13. EGYPT LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET: SWOT ANALYSIS
14. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products
15. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
15.1. Business Overview
15.2. Product Offerings
15.3. Recent Developments
15.4. Financials (In Case of Listed Companies)
15.5. Key Personnel
15.5.1. Yara Agri Trade Egypt
15.5.2. Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemical Industries Company
15.5.3. Agrofarm Natural Product
15.5.4. El-Nasr Company for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries
15.5.5. Ferchem Masr for Fertilizers and Chemicals
15.5.6. Tiba Egypt
15.5.7. ULTRACHEM Company
15.5.8. Agro Egypt International Fertilizer Co.
15.5.9. Kima Aswan
15.5.10. Helwan Fertilizers Company S.A.E.
16. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
17. ABOUT US & DISCLAIMER
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
1.2.1. Markets Covered
1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. EGYPT LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
4.1. Market Size & Forecast
4.1.1. By Value & Volume
4.2. Market Share & Forecast
4.2.1. By Type (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, Micronutrients)
4.2.2. By Crop Type (Cereals & Grain, Pulses & Oilseeds, Fruits & Vegetables, Commercial Crops, Others)
4.2.3. By Mode of Application (Soil, Foliar, Fertigation, Others)
4.2.4. By Ingredient Type (Organic and Synthetic)
4.2.5. By Region (Alexandria, Suez, Giza, Port Said, Cairo, Qalyubia)
4.2.6. By Company (2022)
4.3. Product Market Map
5. ALEXANDRIA LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
5.1. Market Size & Forecast
5.1.1. By Value & Volume
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
5.2.1. By Type
5.2.2. By Crop Type
5.2.3. By Mode of Application
5.2.4. By Ingredient Type
6. SUEZ LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Value & Volume
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Type
6.2.2. By Crop Type
6.2.3. By Mode of Application
6.2.4. By Ingredient Type
7. GIZA LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Value & Volume
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Type
7.2.2. By Crop Type
7.2.3. By Mode of Application
7.2.4. By Ingredient Type
8. PORT SAID LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Value & Volume
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Type
8.2.2. By Crop Type
8.2.3. By Mode of Application
8.2.4. By Ingredient Type
9. CAIRO LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Value & Volume
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Type
9.2.2. By Crop Type
9.2.3. By Mode of Application
9.2.4. By Ingredient Type
10. QALYUBIA LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET OUTLOOK
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Value & Volume
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Type
10.2.2. By Crop Type
10.2.3. By Mode of Application
10.2.4. By Ingredient Type
11. MARKET DYNAMICS
11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges
12. MARKET TRENDS & DEVELOPMENTS
12.1. Research & Development
12.2. Product launch
12.3. Merger & Acquisition
13. EGYPT LIQUID FERTILIZER MARKET: SWOT ANALYSIS
14. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products
15. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
15.1. Business Overview
15.2. Product Offerings
15.3. Recent Developments
15.4. Financials (In Case of Listed Companies)
15.5. Key Personnel
15.5.1. Yara Agri Trade Egypt
15.5.2. Abu Qir Fertilizers and Chemical Industries Company
15.5.3. Agrofarm Natural Product
15.5.4. El-Nasr Company for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries
15.5.5. Ferchem Masr for Fertilizers and Chemicals
15.5.6. Tiba Egypt
15.5.7. ULTRACHEM Company
15.5.8. Agro Egypt International Fertilizer Co.
15.5.9. Kima Aswan
15.5.10. Helwan Fertilizers Company S.A.E.
16. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
17. ABOUT US & DISCLAIMER
