Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Review 2021 and Strategic Plan for 2022 - Insights, Trends, Competition, Growth Opportunities, Market Size, Market Share Data and Analysis Outlook to 2028
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Overview
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market is expected to register an attractive growth rate during the outlook period driven by technological innovations and application-specific developments.
Market Players in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market business are aligning their operating model to the new normal by pivoting towards digitalization of operations and adapting to emerging technologies in robotic automation and artificial intelligence. Mergers and acquisitions to acquire new technologies, strengthen portfolios, and leverage capabilities to remain key strategies of top companies in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry during the outlook period. Investing in R&D and technology to improve product lines will be the major growth driver in the short to medium term for the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market amid prevailing tough conditions.
The market study provides a comprehensive description of current trends and developments in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry along with a detailed predictive and prescriptive analysis to 2028.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Dynamics – COVID Impact and Post COVID Scenario Analysis
The high demand for chemicals and materials essential to fight the pandemic COVID 19 lead to a shortage in raw materials for other products despite high prices, thus disrupting the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market supply chain. Companies that are adding capacities aggressively to cater to the short-term COVID-induced demand need to be cautious in analyzing these unprecedented demand patterns. Post pandemic transformations in social, economic, trade, and political conditions with expected reforms in environmental regulations will shape the future of the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry from 2021 to 2025.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market has reported mixed results during the COVID 19 for different applications and geographies. The research identifies segment-wise implications of the pandemic and offers different case scenarios representing the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market growth prospects to 2028.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Insights – Latest Trends, Drivers, Opportunities, and Challenges
Customizing products to cater to a specific application than improvising the product characteristics on a whole has been the emerging trend in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market. Enterprises should incorporate digitally connected processes and focus on operational efficiency, diversifying supply sources, and cost management to create opportunities in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market during the forecast period. Uneven recovery in different end markets and geographies is a key challenge in understanding and analyzing the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market landscape.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Structure – Competition, Strategies and Company Profiles
While catering to the short-term needs of the market, Copper Pipes and Tubes Market players can address this uncertainty with a clear revision of the product portfolio and a lucid long-term strategy with scenario planning. Investing in innovation, identifying emerging applications, and developing sensible business models to generate sustained growth are the winning strategies in the future Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market.
The report presents detailed profiles of top companies serving the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market value chain along with their strategies for the near, medium, and long term period.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Segmentation – Regional Analysis of different Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Product Types, Applications, and End-Users
Near saturated demand in Europe coupled with comparatively slower momentum in China, after many years of exceptional growth trajectory are limiting the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market demand from these regions. However, the fast-paced recovery of developing nations from the COVID impact is expected to bolster the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market demand.
The research estimates global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market revenues in 2021, considering the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market prices, supply, demand, and trade analysis across regions. A detailed market share, penetration, and shift in demand for different types, applications, and geographies in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market from 2021 to 2028 is included.
The report covers North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa, and LATAM Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market statistics from 2020 to 2028 with further division by leading product types, applications, and use cases of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market. The status of the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market in 16 key countries over the world is elaborated to enable an in-depth understanding of the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Research Scope
The research would help top management/strategy formulators/business/product development/sales managers and investors in this market in the following ways
1. The report provides 2021 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market sales data at the global, regional, and key country level with a detailed outlook to 2028 allowing companies to calculate their market share and analyze prospects, and uncover new markets, and plan market entry strategy.
2. The research includes the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market split by different types and applications. This segmentation helps managers plan their products and budgets based on future growth rates of each segment
3. The Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market study helps stakeholders understand the breadth and stance of the market giving them information on key drivers, restraints, challenges, and growth opportunities of the market and mitigate risks
4. This report would help top management understand competition better with a detailed SWOT analysis and key strategies of their competitors, and plan their position in the business
5. The study assists investors in analyzing Copper Pipes and Tubes Market business prospects by region, key countries, and top companies' information to channel their investments.
Additional support
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market is expected to register an attractive growth rate during the outlook period driven by technological innovations and application-specific developments.
Market Players in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market business are aligning their operating model to the new normal by pivoting towards digitalization of operations and adapting to emerging technologies in robotic automation and artificial intelligence. Mergers and acquisitions to acquire new technologies, strengthen portfolios, and leverage capabilities to remain key strategies of top companies in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry during the outlook period. Investing in R&D and technology to improve product lines will be the major growth driver in the short to medium term for the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market amid prevailing tough conditions.
The market study provides a comprehensive description of current trends and developments in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry along with a detailed predictive and prescriptive analysis to 2028.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Dynamics – COVID Impact and Post COVID Scenario Analysis
The high demand for chemicals and materials essential to fight the pandemic COVID 19 lead to a shortage in raw materials for other products despite high prices, thus disrupting the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market supply chain. Companies that are adding capacities aggressively to cater to the short-term COVID-induced demand need to be cautious in analyzing these unprecedented demand patterns. Post pandemic transformations in social, economic, trade, and political conditions with expected reforms in environmental regulations will shape the future of the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry from 2021 to 2025.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market has reported mixed results during the COVID 19 for different applications and geographies. The research identifies segment-wise implications of the pandemic and offers different case scenarios representing the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market growth prospects to 2028.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Insights – Latest Trends, Drivers, Opportunities, and Challenges
Customizing products to cater to a specific application than improvising the product characteristics on a whole has been the emerging trend in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market. Enterprises should incorporate digitally connected processes and focus on operational efficiency, diversifying supply sources, and cost management to create opportunities in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market during the forecast period. Uneven recovery in different end markets and geographies is a key challenge in understanding and analyzing the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market landscape.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Structure – Competition, Strategies and Company Profiles
While catering to the short-term needs of the market, Copper Pipes and Tubes Market players can address this uncertainty with a clear revision of the product portfolio and a lucid long-term strategy with scenario planning. Investing in innovation, identifying emerging applications, and developing sensible business models to generate sustained growth are the winning strategies in the future Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market.
The report presents detailed profiles of top companies serving the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market value chain along with their strategies for the near, medium, and long term period.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Segmentation – Regional Analysis of different Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Product Types, Applications, and End-Users
Near saturated demand in Europe coupled with comparatively slower momentum in China, after many years of exceptional growth trajectory are limiting the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market demand from these regions. However, the fast-paced recovery of developing nations from the COVID impact is expected to bolster the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market demand.
The research estimates global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market revenues in 2021, considering the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market prices, supply, demand, and trade analysis across regions. A detailed market share, penetration, and shift in demand for different types, applications, and geographies in the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market from 2021 to 2028 is included.
The report covers North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa, and LATAM Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market statistics from 2020 to 2028 with further division by leading product types, applications, and use cases of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market. The status of the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market in 16 key countries over the world is elaborated to enable an in-depth understanding of the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry.
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Research Scope
- Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market size and growth projections (CAGR), 2021- 2028
- COVID impact on Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry with future scenarios
- Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market size, share, and outlook across 5 regions and 16 countries, 2021- 2028
- Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market size, CAGR, and Market Share of key products, applications, and end-user verticals, 2021- 2028
- Short and long term Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market trends, drivers, restraints, and opportunities
- Porter’s Five forces analysis, Technological developments in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market, Copper Pipes and Tubes Market supply chain analysis
- Copper Pipes and Tubes Market trade analysis, Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market price analysis, Copper Pipes and Tubes Market supply/demand
- Profiles of 5 leading companies in the industry- overview, key strategies, financials, and products
- Latest Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market news and developments
The research would help top management/strategy formulators/business/product development/sales managers and investors in this market in the following ways
1. The report provides 2021 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market sales data at the global, regional, and key country level with a detailed outlook to 2028 allowing companies to calculate their market share and analyze prospects, and uncover new markets, and plan market entry strategy.
2. The research includes the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market split by different types and applications. This segmentation helps managers plan their products and budgets based on future growth rates of each segment
3. The Copper Pipes and Tubes Market market study helps stakeholders understand the breadth and stance of the market giving them information on key drivers, restraints, challenges, and growth opportunities of the market and mitigate risks
4. This report would help top management understand competition better with a detailed SWOT analysis and key strategies of their competitors, and plan their position in the business
5. The study assists investors in analyzing Copper Pipes and Tubes Market business prospects by region, key countries, and top companies' information to channel their investments.
Additional support
- All the data presented in tables and charts of the report is provided in a separate Excel document
- Print authentication allowed on purchase of online versions
- 10% free customization to include any specific data/analysis to match with the requirement
- 7 days of analyst support
Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Review 2021 and Demand Outlook to 2028 – Market Size, Share, Competition, Growth Trends, and Business Prospect Analysis
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 List of Tables
1.2 List of Figures
2. GLOBAL COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET REVIEW, 2020
2.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry Overview
2.2 Research Methodology
3. COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET INSIGHTS
3.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Trends to 2028
3.2 Future Opportunities in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market
3.3 Dominant Applications of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market to 2028
3.4 Key Types of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market to 2028
3.5 Leading End Uses of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market to 2028
3.6 High Prospect Countries for Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market to 2028
4. COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET TRENDS, DRIVERS, AND RESTRAINTS
4.1 Latest Trends and Recent Developments in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market
4.2 Key Factors Driving the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Growth
4.2 Major Challenges to the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry, 2021-2028
4.3 Impact of COVID on Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market and Scenario Forecasts to 2028
5 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS FOR GLOBAL COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET
5.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry Attractiveness Index, 2021
5.2 Threat of New Entrants
5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
5.6 Threat of Substitutes
6. GLOBAL COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET DATA – INDUSTRY SIZE, SHARE, AND OUTLOOK
6.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.1 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by Type, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.2 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by Application, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.3 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.4 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by Region, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
7. ASIA PACIFIC COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET INDUSTRY STATISTICS – MARKET SIZE, SHARE, COMPETITION AND OUTLOOK
7.1 Asia Pacific Market Insights, 2020
7.2 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by Type, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.3 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by Application, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.4 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by End-User, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.5 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by Country, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.6 Leading Companies and stretegies in Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry
8. EUROPE COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET HISTORICAL TRENDS, OUTLOOK, AND BUSINESS PROSPECTS
8.1 Europe Key Findings, 2020
8.2 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by Type, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.3 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by Application, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.4 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by End-User, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.5 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by Country, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.6 Leading Companies in Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry
9. NORTH AMERICA COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET TRENDS, OUTLOOK, AND GROWTH PROSPECTS
9.1 North America Snapshot, 2020
9.2 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by Type, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.3 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by Application, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.4 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.5 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by Country, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.6 Leading Companies in North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Business
10. LATIN AMERICA COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET DRIVERS, CHALLENGES, AND GROWTH PROSPECTS
10.1 Latin America Snapshot, 2020
10.2 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by Type, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.3 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by Application, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.4 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by End-User, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.5 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by Country, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.6 Leading Companies in Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry
11. MIDDLE EAST AFRICA COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET OUTLOOK AND GROWTH PROSPECTS
11.1 Middle East Africa Overview, 2020
11.2 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by Type, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.3 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by Application, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.3 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by End-User, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.4 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by Country, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.5 Leading Companies in Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Business
12. COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
12.1 Key Companies in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Business
12.2 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Key Player Benchmarking
12.3 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Product Portfolio
12.4 Financial Analysis
12.5 SWOT and Financial Analysis Review
14. LATEST NEWS, DEALS, AND DEVELOPMENTS IN COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET
15 APPENDIX
15.1 Publisher Expertise
15.2 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry Report Sources and Methodology
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 List of Tables
1.2 List of Figures
2. GLOBAL COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET REVIEW, 2020
2.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry Overview
2.2 Research Methodology
3. COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET INSIGHTS
3.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Trends to 2028
3.2 Future Opportunities in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market
3.3 Dominant Applications of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market to 2028
3.4 Key Types of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market to 2028
3.5 Leading End Uses of Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market to 2028
3.6 High Prospect Countries for Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market to 2028
4. COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET TRENDS, DRIVERS, AND RESTRAINTS
4.1 Latest Trends and Recent Developments in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market
4.2 Key Factors Driving the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Growth
4.2 Major Challenges to the Copper Pipes and Tubes Market industry, 2021-2028
4.3 Impact of COVID on Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market and Scenario Forecasts to 2028
5 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS FOR GLOBAL COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET
5.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry Attractiveness Index, 2021
5.2 Threat of New Entrants
5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
5.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
5.6 Threat of Substitutes
6. GLOBAL COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET DATA – INDUSTRY SIZE, SHARE, AND OUTLOOK
6.1 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.1 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by Type, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.2 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by Application, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.3 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
6.4 Global Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Annual Sales Outlook by Region, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
7. ASIA PACIFIC COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET INDUSTRY STATISTICS – MARKET SIZE, SHARE, COMPETITION AND OUTLOOK
7.1 Asia Pacific Market Insights, 2020
7.2 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by Type, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.3 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by Application, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.4 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by End-User, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.5 Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Revenue Forecast by Country, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
7.6 Leading Companies and stretegies in Asia Pacific Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry
8. EUROPE COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET HISTORICAL TRENDS, OUTLOOK, AND BUSINESS PROSPECTS
8.1 Europe Key Findings, 2020
8.2 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by Type, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.3 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by Application, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.4 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by End-User, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.5 Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Size and Percentage Breakdown by Country, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
8.6 Leading Companies in Europe Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry
9. NORTH AMERICA COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET TRENDS, OUTLOOK, AND GROWTH PROSPECTS
9.1 North America Snapshot, 2020
9.2 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by Type, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.3 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by Application, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.4 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by End-User, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.5 North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Analysis and Outlook by Country, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
9.6 Leading Companies in North America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Business
10. LATIN AMERICA COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET DRIVERS, CHALLENGES, AND GROWTH PROSPECTS
10.1 Latin America Snapshot, 2020
10.2 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by Type, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.3 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by Application, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.4 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by End-User, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.5 Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Future by Country, 2021- 2028 ($ Million)
10.6 Leading Companies in Latin America Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry
11. MIDDLE EAST AFRICA COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET OUTLOOK AND GROWTH PROSPECTS
11.1 Middle East Africa Overview, 2020
11.2 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by Type, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.3 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by Application, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.3 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by End-User, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.4 Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Market Statistics by Country, 2021- 2028 (USD Million)
11.5 Leading Companies in Middle East Africa Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Business
12. COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
12.1 Key Companies in Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Business
12.2 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Key Player Benchmarking
12.3 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Product Portfolio
12.4 Financial Analysis
12.5 SWOT and Financial Analysis Review
14. LATEST NEWS, DEALS, AND DEVELOPMENTS IN COPPER PIPES AND TUBES MARKET MARKET
15 APPENDIX
15.1 Publisher Expertise
15.2 Copper Pipes and Tubes Market Industry Report Sources and Methodology
