China Seed Coating Agent Market Research Report 2018

March 2018 | 107 pages | ID: CFA4FF96106QEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Seed Coating Agent market is valued at XX million USD in 2017 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2017 and will be xx million USD in 2025, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Seed Coating Agent development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Seed Coating Agent by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• Bayer
• Syngenta
• Basf
• Cargill
• Rotam
• Germains Seed Technology
• Croda International
• BrettYoung
• Clariant International
• Precision Laboratories
• Chromatech Incorporated
• Sumitomo Chemical
• SATEC
• Volkschem Crop Science
• Beinong Haili
• Henan Zhongzhou
• Sichuan Redseed

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (K MT), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/MT), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Suspended Seed Coating Agent
• Emulsions
• Wettable powder
• Other

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Wheat
• Corn
• Soybean
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Seed Coating Agent Market Research Report 2018

1 SEED COATING AGENT OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Seed Coating Agent
1.2 Classification of Seed Coating Agent by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2017
  1.2.3 Suspended Seed Coating Agent
  1.2.4 Emulsions
  1.2.5 Wettable powder
  1.2.6 Other
1.3 China Seed Coating Agent Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Wheat
  1.3.3 Corn
  1.3.4 Soybean
  1.3.5 Other
1.4 China Seed Coating Agent Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Seed Coating Agent Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 South China Seed Coating Agent Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 East China Seed Coating Agent Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Seed Coating Agent Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Seed Coating Agent Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 North China Seed Coating Agent Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 Central China Seed Coating Agent Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Seed Coating Agent (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
  1.5.2 China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)

2 CHINA SEED COATING AGENT MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.2 China Seed Coating Agent Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.3 China Seed Coating Agent Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.4 China Seed Coating Agent Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Seed Coating Agent Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Seed Coating Agent Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Seed Coating Agent Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA SEED COATING AGENT SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 China Seed Coating Agent Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2013-2018)

4 CHINA SEED COATING AGENT SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2013-2018)

4.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2013-2018)
4.2 China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 China Seed Coating Agent Price (USD/MT) by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 China Seed Coating Agent Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)

5 CHINA SEED COATING AGENT SALES BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 China Seed Coating Agent Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA SEED COATING AGENT PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Bayer
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Bayer Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Syngenta
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Syngenta Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Basf
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Basf Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Cargill
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Cargill Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Rotam
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Rotam Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Germains Seed Technology
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Germains Seed Technology Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Croda International
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Croda International Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 BrettYoung
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 BrettYoung Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Clariant International
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Clariant International Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Precision Laboratories
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Seed Coating Agent Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Precision Laboratories Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Chromatech Incorporated
6.12 Sumitomo Chemical
6.13 SATEC
6.14 Volkschem Crop Science
6.15 Beinong Haili
6.16 Henan Zhongzhou
6.17 Sichuan Redseed

7 SEED COATING AGENT MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Seed Coating Agent Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Seed Coating Agent

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Seed Coating Agent Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Seed Coating Agent Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA SEED COATING AGENT MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2013-2025)
Table Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure Product Picture of Seed Coating Agent
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2017
Figure Suspended Seed Coating Agent Product Picture
Figure Emulsions Product Picture
Figure Wettable powder Product Picture
Figure Other Product Picture
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Seed Coating Agent by Application in 2017
Figure Wheat Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Wheat
Figure Corn Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Corn
Figure Soybean Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Soybean
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure South China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure East China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Northeast China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure North China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Central China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Seed Coating Agent Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Seed Coating Agent Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure China Market Seed Coating Agent Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Seed Coating Agent Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Seed Coating Agent Product Category
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Seed Coating Agent Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2017
Table China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Seed Coating Agent by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Seed Coating Agent by Type in 2017
Table China Seed Coating Agent Price (USD/MT) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) by Applications (2013-2018)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2017
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Table Bayer Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Bayer Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Bayer Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Bayer Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Bayer Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Syngenta Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Syngenta Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Syngenta Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Syngenta Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Syngenta Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Basf Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Basf Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Basf Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Basf Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Basf Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Cargill Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Cargill Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Cargill Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Cargill Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Cargill Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Rotam Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Rotam Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rotam Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rotam Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Rotam Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Germains Seed Technology Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Germains Seed Technology Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Germains Seed Technology Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Germains Seed Technology Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Germains Seed Technology Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Croda International Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Croda International Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Croda International Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Croda International Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Croda International Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table BrettYoung Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table BrettYoung Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure BrettYoung Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure BrettYoung Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure BrettYoung Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Clariant International Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Clariant International Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Clariant International Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Clariant International Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Clariant International Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Precision Laboratories Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Precision Laboratories Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Precision Laboratories Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Precision Laboratories Seed Coating Agent Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Precision Laboratories Seed Coating Agent Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Chromatech Incorporated Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Sumitomo Chemical Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table SATEC Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Volkschem Crop Science Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Beinong Haili Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Henan Zhongzhou Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Sichuan Redseed Seed Coating Agent Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Seed Coating Agent
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Seed Coating Agent
Figure Seed Coating Agent Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Seed Coating Agent Major Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Seed Coating Agent
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2025
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2025
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Table China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Seed Coating Agent Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources