China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Research Report 2017

December 2017 | 99 pages | ID: CAE268C8C1AEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber market is valued at XX million USD in 2016 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2016 and will be xx million USD in 2022, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• Cytec Industries
• Toray Industries
• SGL Carbon SE
• Hexcel Corporation
• Teijin Limited
• Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc.

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (K MT), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/MT), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• PAN Base
• Asphalt Base

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Automobile
• Industrial
• Aviation
• Military
• Medical

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Research Report 2017

1 GAS-PHASE-GROWN CARBON FIBER OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber
1.2 Classification of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2016
  1.2.3 PAN Base
  1.2.4 Asphalt Base
1.3 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Automobile
  1.3.3 Industrial
  1.3.4 Aviation
  1.3.5 Military
  1.3.6 Medical
1.4 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 South China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 East China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 North China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 Central China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
  1.5.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 CHINA GAS-PHASE-GROWN CARBON FIBER MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.3 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.4 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA GAS-PHASE-GROWN CARBON FIBER SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 CHINA '&B1&' SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2012-2017)'

4.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)
4.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 CHINA '&B1&' SALES BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)'

5.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA GAS-PHASE-GROWN CARBON FIBER PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Cytec Industries
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Cytec Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Toray Industries
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Toray Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 SGL Carbon SE
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 SGL Carbon SE Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Hexcel Corporation
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Hexcel Corporation Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Teijin Limited
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Teijin Limited Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc.
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc. Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 GAS-PHASE-GROWN CARBON FIBER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA GAS-PHASE-GROWN CARBON FIBER MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)
Table Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) by Application (2016-2022)
Figure Product Picture of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016
Figure PAN Base Product Picture
Figure Asphalt Base Product Picture
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber by Application in 2016
Figure Automobile Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automobile
Figure Industrial Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Industrial
Figure Aviation Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Aviation
Figure Military Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Military
Figure Medical Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Medical
Figure South China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure East China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Northeast China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure North China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Central China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure China Market Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Product Category
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber by Type in 2016
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Price (USD/MT) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) by Applications (2012-2017)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Table Cytec Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Basic Information List
Table Cytec Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Cytec Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Cytec Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Cytec Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Toray Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Basic Information List
Table Toray Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Toray Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Toray Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Toray Industries Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table SGL Carbon SE Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Basic Information List
Table SGL Carbon SE Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure SGL Carbon SE Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure SGL Carbon SE Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure SGL Carbon SE Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Hexcel Corporation Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Basic Information List
Table Hexcel Corporation Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Hexcel Corporation Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Hexcel Corporation Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Hexcel Corporation Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Teijin Limited Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Basic Information List
Table Teijin Limited Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Teijin Limited Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Teijin Limited Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Teijin Limited Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc. Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Basic Information List
Table Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc. Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc. Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc. Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Mitsubishi Rayon Carbon Fiber and Composites, Inc. Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber
Figure Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Table China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fiber Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources