China Cellular Rubber Market Research Report 2018

February 2018 | 111 pages | ID: C7C5E7A1468EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Cellular Rubber market is valued at XX million USD in 2017 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2017 and will be xx million USD in 2025, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Cellular Rubber development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Cellular Rubber by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• Rubbermill
• Rubatex
• American National Rubber
• Kirkhill
• Hanna Rubber Company
• Martins Rubber
• Reilly Foam Corporation
• Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC
• Sperry & Rice LLC
• SJG International
• Griswold

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (K MT), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/MT), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• By materials
• Natural Rubber
• Chloroprene Rubber
• EPDM Rubber
• Silicone Rubber
• Buna Rubber
• Fluorine rubber
• Others
• By cells
• Closed Cell Cellular Rubber
• Open Cell Cellular Rubber

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Automotive
• Aircraft
• Chemicals
• Daily Necessities
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Cellular Rubber Market Research Report 2018

1 CELLULAR RUBBER OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Cellular Rubber
1.2 Classification of Cellular Rubber by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Market Share by Type in 2017
  1.2.3 Natural Rubber
  1.2.4 Chloroprene Rubber
  1.2.5 EPDM Rubber
  1.2.6 Silicone Rubber
  1.2.7 Buna Rubber
  1.2.8 Fluorine rubber
  1.2.9 Others
1.3 China Cellular Rubber Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Automotive
  1.3.3 Aircraft
  1.3.4 Chemicals
  1.3.5 Daily Necessities
  1.3.6 Others
1.4 China Cellular Rubber Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Cellular Rubber Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 South China Cellular Rubber Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 East China Cellular Rubber Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Cellular Rubber Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Cellular Rubber Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 North China Cellular Rubber Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 Central China Cellular Rubber Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Cellular Rubber (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
  1.5.2 China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)

2 CHINA CELLULAR RUBBER MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.2 China Cellular Rubber Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.3 China Cellular Rubber Average Price (USD/MT) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
2.4 China Cellular Rubber Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Cellular Rubber Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Cellular Rubber Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Cellular Rubber Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA CELLULAR RUBBER SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 China Cellular Rubber Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2013-2018)

4 CHINA CELLULAR RUBBER SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2013-2018)

4.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2013-2018)
4.2 China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 China Cellular Rubber Price (USD/MT) by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 China Cellular Rubber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)

5 CHINA CELLULAR RUBBER SALES BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 China Cellular Rubber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA CELLULAR RUBBER PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Rubbermill
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Rubbermill Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Rubatex
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Rubatex Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 American National Rubber
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 American National Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Kirkhill
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Kirkhill Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Hanna Rubber Company
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Hanna Rubber Company Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Martins Rubber
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Martins Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Reilly Foam Corporation
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Reilly Foam Corporation Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Sperry & Rice LLC
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Sperry & Rice LLC Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 SJG International
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Cellular Rubber Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 SJG International Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Griswold

7 CELLULAR RUBBER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Cellular Rubber Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cellular Rubber

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Cellular Rubber Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Cellular Rubber Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA CELLULAR RUBBER MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2013-2025)
Table Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure Product Picture of Cellular Rubber
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2017
Figure Natural Rubber Product Picture
Figure Chloroprene Rubber Product Picture
Figure EPDM Rubber Product Picture
Figure Silicone Rubber Product Picture
Figure Buna Rubber Product Picture
Figure Fluorine rubber Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Cellular Rubber by Application in 2017
Figure Automotive Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Automotive
Figure Aircraft Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Aircraft
Figure Chemicals Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Chemicals
Figure Daily Necessities Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Daily Necessities
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure South China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure East China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Northeast China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure North China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Central China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2025)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Cellular Rubber Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Cellular Rubber Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2013-2018)
Figure China Market Cellular Rubber Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Figure China Cellular Rubber Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Cellular Rubber Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Cellular Rubber Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Cellular Rubber Product Category
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2017
Table China Cellular Rubber Price (USD/MT) by Regions (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2017
Table China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Cellular Rubber by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Cellular Rubber by Type in 2017
Table China Cellular Rubber Price (USD/MT) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) by Applications (2013-2018)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2017
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2013-2018)
Table Rubbermill Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Rubbermill Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rubbermill Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rubbermill Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Rubbermill Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Rubatex Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Rubatex Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rubatex Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Rubatex Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Rubatex Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table American National Rubber Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table American National Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure American National Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure American National Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure American National Rubber Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Kirkhill Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Kirkhill Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Kirkhill Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Kirkhill Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Kirkhill Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Hanna Rubber Company Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Hanna Rubber Company Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Hanna Rubber Company Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Hanna Rubber Company Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Hanna Rubber Company Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Martins Rubber Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Martins Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Martins Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Martins Rubber Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Martins Rubber Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Reilly Foam Corporation Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Reilly Foam Corporation Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Reilly Foam Corporation Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Reilly Foam Corporation Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Reilly Foam Corporation Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Colonial Diversified Polymer Products, LLC Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Sperry & Rice LLC Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Sperry & Rice LLC Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Sperry & Rice LLC Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure Sperry & Rice LLC Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure Sperry & Rice LLC Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table SJG International Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table SJG International Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%)(2013-2018)
Figure SJG International Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2013-2018)
Figure SJG International Cellular Rubber Sales Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Figure SJG International Cellular Rubber Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2013-2018)
Table Griswold Cellular Rubber Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Cellular Rubber
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Cellular Rubber
Figure Cellular Rubber Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Cellular Rubber Major Players/Manufacturers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Cellular Rubber
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Price (USD/MT) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2025
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2025
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales (K MT) Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Table China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2018-2025)
Figure China Cellular Rubber Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources