2017-2025 World High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Research Report (by Product Type, End-User/Application and Regions/Countries)
SUMMARY
This report includes market status and forecast of global and major regions, with introduction of vendors, regions, product types and end industries; and this report counts product types and end industries in global and major regions.
The report includes as follows:
The report provides current data, historical overview and future forecast.
The report includes an in-depth analysis of the Global market for High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) , covering Global total and major region markets.
The data of 2017-2025 are included. All-inclusive market are given through data on sales, consumption, and prices (Global total and by major regions).
The report provides introduction of leading Global manufacturers.
High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) market prospects to 2025 are included (in sales, consumption and price).
Market Segment as follows:
By Region / Countries
This report includes market status and forecast of global and major regions, with introduction of vendors, regions, product types and end industries; and this report counts product types and end industries in global and major regions.
The report includes as follows:
The report provides current data, historical overview and future forecast.
The report includes an in-depth analysis of the Global market for High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) , covering Global total and major region markets.
The data of 2017-2025 are included. All-inclusive market are given through data on sales, consumption, and prices (Global total and by major regions).
The report provides introduction of leading Global manufacturers.
High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) market prospects to 2025 are included (in sales, consumption and price).
Market Segment as follows:
By Region / Countries
- North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
- Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc)
- Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc)
- South America (Brazil, Argentina etc)
- Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc)
- Powder
- Granules
- Semiconductor
- Photo Optic Application
- Research
- ALB Materials
- LTS Research Laboratories
- Alfa Chemistry
- ESPI Metals
- American Elements
- ABSCO
- Kono Chem Co.,Ltd
1 MARKET DEFINITION
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.2 by Type
1.3 by End-Use / Application
2 GLOBAL MARKET BY VENDORS
2.1 Market Share
2.2 Vendor Profile
2.3 Dynamic of Vendors
3 GLOBAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Market Share
3.2 Introduction of End-Use by Different Products
4 GLOBAL MARKET BY END-USE / APPLICATION
4.1 Market Share
4.2 Overview of Consumption Characteristics
4.2.1 Preference Driven
4.2.2 Substitutability
4.2.3 Influence by Strategy
4.2.4 Professional Needs
5 GLOBAL MARKET BY REGIONS
5.1 Market Share
5.2 Regional Market Growth
5.2.1 North America
5.2.2 Europe
5.2.3 Asia-Pacific
5.2.4 South America
5.2.5 Middle East & Africa
6 NORTH AMERICA MARKET
6.1 by Type
6.2 by End-Use / Application
6.3 by Regions
7 EUROPE MARKET
7.1 by Type
7.2 by End-Use / Application
7.3 by Regions
8 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET
8.1 by Type
8.2 by End-Use / Application
8.3 by Regions
9 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET
9.1 by Type
9.2 by End-Use / Application
9.3 by Regions
10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MARKET
10.1 by Type
10.2 by End-Use / Application
10.3 by Regions
11 MARKET FORECAST
11.1 Global Market Forecast (2020-2025)
11.2 Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
11.3 Market Forecast by Type (2020-2025)
11.4 Market Forecast by End-Use / Application (2020-2025)
12 KEY MANUFACTURERS
12.ALB MATERIALS INC ALB MATERIALS
12.1.2 Company Overview
12.1.2 Product and End-User / Application
12.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
12.2 LTS Research Laboratories
12.3 Alfa Chemistry
12.4 ESPI Metals
12.5 American Elements
12.6 ABSCO
12.7 Kono Chem Co.,Ltd
13 PRICE OVERVIEW
13.1 Price Segment
13.2 Price Trend
14 RESEARCH CONCLUSION
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.2 by Type
1.3 by End-Use / Application
2 GLOBAL MARKET BY VENDORS
2.1 Market Share
2.2 Vendor Profile
2.3 Dynamic of Vendors
3 GLOBAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Market Share
3.2 Introduction of End-Use by Different Products
4 GLOBAL MARKET BY END-USE / APPLICATION
4.1 Market Share
4.2 Overview of Consumption Characteristics
4.2.1 Preference Driven
4.2.2 Substitutability
4.2.3 Influence by Strategy
4.2.4 Professional Needs
5 GLOBAL MARKET BY REGIONS
5.1 Market Share
5.2 Regional Market Growth
5.2.1 North America
5.2.2 Europe
5.2.3 Asia-Pacific
5.2.4 South America
5.2.5 Middle East & Africa
6 NORTH AMERICA MARKET
6.1 by Type
6.2 by End-Use / Application
6.3 by Regions
7 EUROPE MARKET
7.1 by Type
7.2 by End-Use / Application
7.3 by Regions
8 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET
8.1 by Type
8.2 by End-Use / Application
8.3 by Regions
9 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET
9.1 by Type
9.2 by End-Use / Application
9.3 by Regions
10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MARKET
10.1 by Type
10.2 by End-Use / Application
10.3 by Regions
11 MARKET FORECAST
11.1 Global Market Forecast (2020-2025)
11.2 Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
11.3 Market Forecast by Type (2020-2025)
11.4 Market Forecast by End-Use / Application (2020-2025)
12 KEY MANUFACTURERS
12.ALB MATERIALS INC ALB MATERIALS
12.1.2 Company Overview
12.1.2 Product and End-User / Application
12.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
12.2 LTS Research Laboratories
12.3 Alfa Chemistry
12.4 ESPI Metals
12.5 American Elements
12.6 ABSCO
12.7 Kono Chem Co.,Ltd
13 PRICE OVERVIEW
13.1 Price Segment
13.2 Price Trend
14 RESEARCH CONCLUSION
LIST OF TABLES
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market and Growth by Type
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market and Growth by End-Use / Application
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Revenue (Million USD) by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Revenue Share by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Headquarter, Factories & Sales Regions Comparison of Vendors
Table Product List of Vendors
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2)Market Share by Forecast Type (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) Forecast by End-Use / Application (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share Forecast by End-Use / Application (2020-2025)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of ALB Materials
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of LTS Research Laboratories
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Alfa Chemistry
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of ESPI Metals
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of American Elements
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of ABSCO
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Kono Chem Co.,Ltd
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market and Growth by Type
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market and Growth by End-Use / Application
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Revenue (Million USD) by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Revenue Share by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by Vendors (2017-2019)
Table Headquarter, Factories & Sales Regions Comparison of Vendors
Table Product List of Vendors
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table North America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Europe High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Asia-Pacific High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table South America High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Type (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Type (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by End-Use / Application (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Middle East & Africa High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share by Regions (2017-2019)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2)Market Share by Forecast Type (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) Forecast by End-Use / Application (2020-2025)
Table Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Share Forecast by End-Use / Application (2020-2025)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of ALB Materials
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of LTS Research Laboratories
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Alfa Chemistry
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of ESPI Metals
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of American Elements
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of ABSCO
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Kono Chem Co.,Ltd
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Size (Million USD) 2017-2025
Figure North America Market Growth 2015-2018
Figure Europe Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure South America Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) and Growth Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) and Growth Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Size (Million USD) 2017-2025
Figure North America Market Growth 2015-2018
Figure Europe Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure South America Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Growth 2017-2019
Figure Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market (Million USD) and Growth Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Global High Purity Zinc Arsenide (ZnAs2, CAS 12044-55-2) Market Volume (Volume) and Growth Forecast (2020-2025)
