United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Report 2018

March 2018 | 113 pages | ID: U0A8D96E6A6QEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Electrolytic Nickel market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Electrolytic Nickel in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Electrolytic Nickel market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Electrolytic Nickel sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Jinchuan Group
• Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech
• Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry
• Xingwang Enterprise Group
• Jilin Jien Nickel Industry
• Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy
• Sichuan Nike Guorun Group
• Norilsk Nickel
• BHP Billiton
• Vale
• Glencore PIC
• ERAMET
• Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. LTD.
• Sherritt

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Ni 9999
• Ni 9996
• Ni 9990
• Ni 9950
• Ni 9920

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Stainless Steel
• Alloy
• Electroplated steel
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Report 2018

1 ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Electrolytic Nickel
1.2 Classification of Electrolytic Nickel by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Ni 9999
  1.2.4 Ni 9996
  1.2.5 Ni 9990
  1.2.6 Ni 9950
  1.2.7 Ni 9920
1.3 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Stainless Steel
  1.3.3 Alloy
  1.3.4 Electroplated steel
  1.3.5 Other
1.4 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Electrolytic Nickel Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Electrolytic Nickel Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Electrolytic Nickel Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Electrolytic Nickel Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Electrolytic Nickel Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Electrolytic Nickel Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Electrolytic Nickel (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Electrolytic Nickel Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Electrolytic Nickel Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Electrolytic Nickel Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Electrolytic Nickel Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Jinchuan Group
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Jinchuan Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech
  6.2.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry
  6.3.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Xingwang Enterprise Group
  6.4.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Xingwang Enterprise Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Jilin Jien Nickel Industry
  6.5.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Jilin Jien Nickel Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy
  6.6.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Sichuan Nike Guorun Group
  6.7.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Sichuan Nike Guorun Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Norilsk Nickel
  6.8.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Norilsk Nickel Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 BHP Billiton
  6.9.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 BHP Billiton Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Vale
  6.10.2 Electrolytic Nickel Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Vale Electrolytic Nickel Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Glencore PIC
6.12 ERAMET
6.13 Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. LTD.
6.14 Sherritt

7 ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Electrolytic Nickel Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electrolytic Nickel

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Electrolytic Nickel Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Electrolytic Nickel Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES ELECTROLYTIC NICKEL MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Electrolytic Nickel
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (K Units) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Ni 9999 Product Picture
Figure Ni 9996 Product Picture
Figure Ni 9990 Product Picture
Figure Ni 9950 Product Picture
Figure Ni 9920 Product Picture
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Electrolytic Nickel by Application in 2017
Figure Stainless Steel Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Stainless Steel
Figure Alloy Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Alloy
Figure Electroplated steel Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Electroplated steel
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Electrolytic Nickel Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Electrolytic Nickel Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Electrolytic Nickel Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Electrolytic Nickel Product Category
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Electrolytic Nickel by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Electrolytic Nickel by Type in 2017
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table Jinchuan Group Basic Information List
Table Jinchuan Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Jinchuan Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Jinchuan Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Jinchuan Group Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Basic Information List
Table Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Jiangxi Jiangli Sci-Tech Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Basic Information List
Table Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Xingwang Enterprise Group Basic Information List
Table Xingwang Enterprise Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Xingwang Enterprise Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Xingwang Enterprise Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Xingwang Enterprise Group Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Jilin Jien Nickel Industry Basic Information List
Table Jilin Jien Nickel Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Jilin Jien Nickel Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Jilin Jien Nickel Industry Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Jilin Jien Nickel Industry Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy Basic Information List
Table Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Guangxi Yinyi Science and Technic Mine Metallurgy Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Sichuan Nike Guorun Group Basic Information List
Table Sichuan Nike Guorun Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Sichuan Nike Guorun Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Sichuan Nike Guorun Group Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Sichuan Nike Guorun Group Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Norilsk Nickel Basic Information List
Table Norilsk Nickel Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Norilsk Nickel Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Norilsk Nickel Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Norilsk Nickel Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table BHP Billiton Basic Information List
Table BHP Billiton Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure BHP Billiton Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure BHP Billiton Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure BHP Billiton Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Vale Basic Information List
Table Vale Electrolytic Nickel Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Vale Electrolytic Nickel Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Vale Electrolytic Nickel Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Vale Electrolytic Nickel Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Glencore PIC Basic Information List
Table ERAMET Basic Information List
Table Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. LTD. Basic Information List
Table Sherritt Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Electrolytic Nickel
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Electrolytic Nickel
Figure Electrolytic Nickel Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Electrolytic Nickel Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Electrolytic Nickel
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Electrolytic Nickel Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources