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The Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023

November 2012 | 223 pages | ID: C20CE28F977EN
Visiongain

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The Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023 report will look into the opportunities that this market offers and its application to various industries that emit CO2 besides large power plants, and examines various government policies and initiatives that are stimulating industries to implement clean or low carbon technologies by adopting carbon capture and storage technologies. Among those policies considered are carbon tax, prospects of carbon emission trading schemes (ETS), direct funding for carbon capture and storage and other awards for innovations.

Visiongain has determined that the value of the global Carbon Capture & Storage market in 2013 will be $7.78bn.

What makes this report unique?

Visiongain consulted widely with industry experts and full transcripts from these exclusive interviews are included in the report. As such, our reports have a unique blend of primary and secondary sources providing informed opinion. The report provides insight into key drivers and restraints behind project developments, as well as identifying leading companies. The report also provides a unique blend of qualitative analysis combined with extensive quantitative data including global, submarket and national markets forecasts from 2013-2023 - all highlighting key business opportunities.

Why you should buy The Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023
  • 233 pages of comprehensive analysis
  • 4 exclusive visiongain interviews with experts from-
    • The University of Edinburgh
    • Archer Daniels Midlands (ADM)
    • CCS TLM and Charles Russell LLP
    • Mott MacDonald
  • 214 tables, charts, and graphs
  • A global carbon capture & storage market forecast between 2013-2023
  • 3 carbon capture & storage submarket forecasts from 2013-2023
    • CO2 Capture
    • CO2 Transmission
    • CO2 Storage
  • 9 national carbon capture & storage market forecasts between 2013-2023 and overviews of 13 other national markets in the rest of the world:
    • Australia
    • Brazil
    • China
    • Canada
    • Netherlands
    • Norway
    • UAE
    • UK
    • US
    • The Rest of the World (ROW)
  • A PEST analysis
  • 23 leading companies identified and profiled -
    • Air Liquide
    • Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
    • Alstom
    • Babcock & Wilcox
    • Baker Hughes
    • E.ON AG
    • Enel S.p.A
    • Fluor Corporation
    • General Electric
    • Halliburton
    • HTC Purenergy
    • Kinder Morgan
    • Linde AG
    • Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
    • National Grid
    • Petrofac
    • Praxair Inc.
    • RWE AG
    • SaskPower
    • Schlumberger
    • Scottish & Southern Energy
    • Southern Company
    • Vattenfall
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Gain an understanding of how to tap into the potential of this market by ordering The Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Global Carbon Capture & Storage Market Overview
1.2 Benefits of This Report
1.3 Who is This Report For?
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Global Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
1.6 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarket Forecasts 2013-2023
1.7 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecasts 2013-2023

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE MARKET

2.1 Carbon Capture & Storage Market Definition
2.2 Carbon Capture
2.3 Carbon Transportation
2.4 Carbon Storage
  2.4.1 Storage in Depleted Oil and Gas Fields
  2.4.2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers
  2.4.3 Storage in Un-minable Coal Seams
2.5 Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery
2.6 Sources of Carbon Dioxide
2.7 Incentives That Lead to Proliferation of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) Technologies
2.8 Why Are Carbon Tax Policies & Emission Trading Scheme Necessary?

3. GLOBAL CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE MARKET FORECAST 2013-2023

3.1 Drivers & Restraints in the Global Carbon Capture & Storage Market 2013-2023
3.2 What is Helping the Carbon Capture and Storage Market Expand?
3.3 What is Holding Back the Carbon Capture and Storage Market?

4. CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE SUBMARKET FORECASTS 2013-2023

4.1 CO2 Capture Submarket Forecast 2013-2023
4.2 CO2 Transmission Submarket Forecast 2013-2023
4.3 The CO2 Storage Submarket Forecast 2013-2023

5. LEADING NATIONAL CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE MARKET FORECASTS 2013-2023

5.1 Leading National Markets Share Forecast 2013-2023
5.2 Barriers to Entry Analysis of the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
5.3 The US Carbon Capture and Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.3.1 US Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.3.2 Can a US Carbon Tax Aid its CCS Developments?
5.4 The Canadian Carbon Capture and Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.4.1 Canadian Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.4.2 Can Canadian Reservoirs Soak Up Oil Sands Emissions?
5.5 The Chinese Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.5.1 Chinese Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.5.2 China to Height Efforts to Curb Carbon Emissions with Pilot Emissions Trading Scheme
5.6 The UK Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.6.1 UK Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.6.2 Will the UK's Increase in Carbon Tax Be Enough to Boost Investments in the CCS Market?
5.7 The Australian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.7.1 Australian Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.7.2 Is the CO2 Emission Price Too High in Australia?
5.8 The Norwegian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.8.1 Norwegian Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.8.2 Can the Norwegian Carbon Tax of $72 per Tonne Succeed?
5.9 The United Arab Emirates Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.9.1 The UAE Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.9.2 The UAE Carbon Capture & Storage Market Analysis
5.10 The Netherlands Carbon Capture & Storage Market 2013-2023
  5.10.1 The Netherlands Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.10.2 The Netherlands Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Market Analysis
5.11 The Brazilian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.11.1 Brazilian Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.11.2 The Brazilian Carbon Capture and Storage Market Analysis
5.12 The Rest of the World Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023
  5.12.1 The Rest of The World Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  5.12.2 Italian Carbon Capture and Storage Projects
  5.12.3 The German Carbon Capture and Storage Market Analysis
  5.12.4 French Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.5 Spanish Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.6 Polish Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.7 The Indian Carbon Capture and Storage Market Analysis
  5.12.8 Vietnamese Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.9 South Korean Carbon Capture and Storage Projects
  5.12.10 Saudi Arabian Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.11 Kuwaiti Carbon Capture and Storage Projects
  5.12.12 Malaysian Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.12 New Zealand Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.13 Algerian Carbon Capture and Storage Project
  5.12.14 South African Carbon Capture and Storage Project

6. PEST ANALYSIS OF THE CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE MARKET 2013-2023

6.1 Political Analysis of the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  6.1.1 Protecting Jobs at Home
  6.1.2 Why Governments are Funding of CCS Projects?
6.2. Economic Analysis of the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  6.2.1 Global Carbon Tax Policies & Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS)
  6.2.2 Large Scale CCS Projects and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) with CO2
  6.2.3 High Costs of Carbon Capture and Increase in the Cost of Electricity
  6.2.4 Other Industries with Carbon Capture and Storage Potential
6.3 Social Analysis of the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  6.3.1 Why is the Public Opposed to CCS Projects?
  6.3.2 Water Consumption of Power Production Plants
  6.3.3 Carbon Capture & Storage Reduces Harmful Fumes and Particulate Matter Emissions
6.4 New Carbon Capture & Storage Technological Innovations
  6.4.1 Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Technology Analysis
  6.4.2 Post-combustion Carbon Capture Technology Analysis
  6.4.3 Oxyfuel Combustion Technology Analysis
  6.4.4 Algae Based Carbon Capture & Recycling

7. EXPERT OPINION

7.1 University of Edinburgh
  7.1.1 University of Edinburgh in Carbon Capture & Storage Research & Development
  7.1.2 Technological Advances in the Carbon Storage Market
  7.1.3 Risks of CO2 Leakage
  7.1.4 Regulations in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.1.5 CO2 Utilisation
  7.1.6 Underground Storage Capacity for CO2
  7.1.7 Motives for Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
  7.1.8 Lack of Finance and Confidence in Carbon Capture & Storage
  7.1.9 Spending on Carbon Capture & Storage Submarkets
  7.1.10 Trends in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.1.11 Geographical Growth of the CO2 Market
7.2 Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Company
  7.2.1 Archer Daniels Midlands (ADM) in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.2.2 The Utilisation of Captured Carbon
  7.2.3 Difference between European and American Laws Regarding Use of Land
  7.2.4 How is the Price of CO2 Determined?
  7.2.5 International Competitiveness & CO2 Regulations
  7.2.6 How is Capital Expenditure Divided in the Carbon Capture & Storage Submarkets?
  7.2.7 Future Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies
7.3 CCS TLM Limited and Charles Russell LLP
  7.3.1 Involvement of CCS TLM in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.3.2 Development of'Clean Power' Technologies
  7.3.3 Restrictions & Challenges Facing the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.3.4 Future Developments of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) with Carbon Capture & Storage
  7.3.5 Barriers to Entry into Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.3.6 New Technologies in Carbon Capture & Storage
  7.3.7 New Opportunities in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  7.3.8 Fastest Growing Carbon Capture & Storage Regions
  7.3.9 Future Spending in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
7.4 Mott MacDonald
  7.4.1 UK CCS Commercialisation Programme
  7.4.2 Can Carbon Capture and Storage Fund Itself?
  7.4.3 Other Markets for CO2
  7.4.4 What is holding back the Carbon Capture and Storage Market?
  7.4.5 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarkets
  7.4.6 Regional Markets for Carbon Capture & Storage
  7.4.7 Future of Carbon Capture & Storage Market

8. LEADING COMPANIES IN THE CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE MARKET

8.1 Companies Providing Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies
  8.1.1 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Company Overview
    8.1.1.1 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Analysis
    8.1.1.2 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.1.3 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Future Outlook
  8.1.2 Alstom Company Overview
    8.1.2.1 Alstom Analysis
    8.1.2.2 Alstom Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.2.3 Alstom Future Outlook
  8.1.3 Air Liquide Overview
    8.1.3.1 Air Liquide Analysis
    8.1.3.2 Air Liquide Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.3.3 Air Liquide Future Outlook
  8.1.4 Babcock & Wilcox Company Overview
    8.1.4.1 Babcock & Wilcox Analysis
    8.1.4.2 Babcock & Wilcox Future Outlook
  8.1.5 Fluor Corporation Company Overview
    8.1.5.1 Fluor Corporation Analysis
    8.1.5.2 Fluor Corporation Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.5.3 Fluor Corporation Future Outlook
  8.1.6 General Electric (GE) Company Overview
    8.1.6.1 General Electric (GE) Analysis
    8.1.6.2 General Electric (GE) Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.6.3 General Electric (GE) Future Outlook
  8.1.7 HTC Purenergy Inc. Company Overview
    8.1.7.1 HTC Purenergy Inc. Analysis
    8.1.7.2 HTC Purenergy Inc. Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.7.3 HTC Purenergy Inc. Future Outlook
  8.1.8 Linde AG Company Overview
    8.1.8.1 Linde AG Analysis
    8.1.8.2 Linde AG Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.8.3 Linde AG Future Outlook
  8.1.9 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Overview
    8.1.9.1 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Analysis
    8.1.9.2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.9.3 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Future Outlook
  8.1.10 Praxair Inc. Company Overview
    8.1.10.1 Praxair Inc. Analysis
    8.1.10.2 Praxair Inc. Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.1.10.3 Praxair Inc. Future Outlook
8.2 Utility Companies Involved in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
  8.2.1 E.ON AG Company Overview
    8.2.1.1 E.ON AG Analysis
    8.2.1.2 E.ON AG Competitors
    8.2.1.3 E.ON AG Regional Emphasis / Focus
  8.2.2 Enel S.p.A. Company Overview
    8.2.2.1 Enel S.p.A. Analysis
    8.2.2.2 Enel S.p.A. Competitors
    8.2.2.3 Enel S.p.A. Regional Emphasis / Focus
  8.2.3 RWE AG Company Overview
    8.2.3.1 RWE AG Analysis
    8.2.3.2 RWE AG Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.2.3.3 RWE AG Competitors
    8.2.3.4 RWE AG Future Outlook
  8.2.4 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Overview
    8.2.4.1 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Analysis
    8.2.4.2 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.2.4.3 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Competitors
  8.2.5 Scottish & Southern Energy Plc. Overview
    8.2.5.1 Scottish & Southern Energy Plc. Analysis
    8.2.5.2 Scottish & Southern Energy Plc. Competitors
  8.2.6 Southern Company Overview
    8.2.6.1 Southern Company Analysis
    8.2.6.2 Southern Company Future Outlook
  8.2.7 Vattenfall AB Company Overview
    8.2.7.1 Vattenfall AB Company Analysis
    8.2.7.2 Vattenfall Regional Focus
8.3 Companies Involved in the CO2 Storage Market
  8.3.1 Baker Hughes Company Overview
    8.3.1.1 Baker Hughes Analysis
    8.3.1.2 Baker Hughes Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.3.1.3 Baker Hughes Future Outlook
  8.3.2 Halliburton Company Overview
    8.3.2.1 Halliburton Analysis
    8.3.2.2 Halliburton Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.3.2.3 Halliburton Regional Future Outlook
  8.3.3 Petrofac Company Overview
    8.3.3.1 Petrofac Analysis
    8.3.3.2 Petrofac Regional Focus
    8.3.3.3 Petrofac Future Outlook
  8.3.4 Schlumberger Company Overview
    8.3.4.1 Schlumberger Analysis
    8.3.4.2 Schlumberger Regional Emphasis / Focus
    8.3.4.3 Schlumberger Future Outlook
8.4 Companies Involved in CO2 Transmission by Pipeline
  8.4.1 Kinder Morgan Company Overview
    8.4.1.1 Kinder Morgan Analysis
    8.4.1.2 Kinder Morgan Regional Focus
  8.4.2 National Grid Plc. Company Overview
    8.4.2.1 National Grid Plc. Analysis
    8.4.2.2 National Grid Plc. Regional Emphasis / Focus
8.5 Other Leading Companies & Institutions in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market

9. CONCLUSIONS

9.1 The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Market Outlook
9.2 Drivers & Restraints in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market
9.3 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecasts 2013-2023
9.4 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarket Forecasts 2013-2023

10. GLOSSARY

LIST OF TABLES


Table 1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage Submarket Forecasts Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($m, CAGR %)
Table 1.2 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecasts Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($m, CAGR %)
Table 3.1 Global Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 3.2 Drivers and Restraints of the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 4.1 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarket Forecasts 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%)
Table 4.2 CO2 Capture Submarket Forecast 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 4.3 Drivers & Restraints in the CO2 Storage Submarket 2013-2023
Table 4.4 CO2 Transmission Submarket Forecast 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 4.5 Drivers & Restraints in the CO2 Transmission Submarket 2013-2023
Table 4.6 CO2 Pipelines for CO2 Transmission (Location, Operator, Capacity, Length, CO2 Source, Year Completed)
Table 4.7 CO2 Storage Submarket Forecast 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 4.8 Drivers & Restraints in the CO2 Storage Submarket 2013-2023
Table 5.1 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Markets Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %)
Table 5.2 The US Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.3 US Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects 1972-2017
Table 5.4 Drivers & Restraints in the US Carbon Capture & Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 5.5 The Canadian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.6 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in Canada 2000-2017
Table 5.7 Drivers and Restraints of the Canadian Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 5.8 The Chinese Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.9 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in China to 2020
Table 5.10 Chinese Carbon Dioxide Capture Projects Linked to Enhanced Oil Recovery (Location, Companies, Potential Start Up and Capacity)
Table 5.11 Drivers and Restraints of the Chinese Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023
Table 5.12 The UK Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.13 UK Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects 2012-2017
Table 5.14 Drivers and Restraints of the UK Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023
Table 5.15 The Australian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.16 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in Australia 2015-2020
Table 5.17 Drivers and Restraints of the Australian Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Market 2013-2023
Table 5.18 The Norwegian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.19 Norwegian Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects 1996-2016
Table 5.20 Drivers and Restraints of the Norwegian Carbon Capture (CCS) Market 2013-2023
Table 5.21 The UAE Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.22 Carbon Capture and Storage Projects (CCS) in the UAE to 2017
Table 5.23 Drivers and Restraints of the UAE Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 5.24 The Netherlands Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.25 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in Netherlands to 2018
Table 5.26 Drivers and Restraints of the Netherlands Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 5.27 Brazilian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.28 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in Brazil 1997-2011
Table 5.29 Drivers and Restraints of the Brazilian Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 5.30 The Rest of the World Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%, CAGR%, Cumulative)
Table 5.31 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in RoW 2004-2020
Table 5.32 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects in the Rest of Europe to 2020
Table 5.33 Drivers and Restraints of the German Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 5.34 Drivers and Restraints of the Indian Carbon Capture and Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 6.1 PEST Analysis of the Carbon Capture & Storage Market 2013-2023
Table 6.2 Countries Taking Action on Carbon Capture & Storage with Emission Trading Schemes (ETS); Start Up Year, Carbon Tax ($/Tonne of CO2 equivalent) & Regional Scope (2005-2020)
Table 6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Technology
Table 6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Post-combustion Carbon Capture Technology
Table 6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Oxyfuel Combustion Carbon Capture Technology
Table 6.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Algae-Based Carbon Capture
Table 8.1 Leading 20 Companies in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market 2013-2019 (Market Ranking, Total Revenue, Market Share %)
Table 8.2 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.3 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Carbon Capture Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.4 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Company Divisions (% of Revenues)
Table 8.5 Alstom Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.6 Alstom Carbon Capture Projects 2009-2016 (Date, Subcontractors, Country, Value, Details, Model/Type)
Table 8.7 Alstom Company Divisions (Products & Services)
Table 8.8 Air Liquide Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.9 Air Liquide Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.10 Air Liquide Company Divisions (% of Revenues, Product & Services)
Table 8.11 Babcock & Wilcox Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.12 Babcock & Wilcox Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.13 Babcock & Wilcox Company Divisions (Product & Services)
Table 8.14 Fluor Corporation Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.15 Fluor Corporation Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.16 Fluor Corporation Company Divisions by New Orders & Backlog of Work (End 2011)
Table 8.17 Fluor Corporation Regional Focus by New Orders & Backlog of Work (End 2011)
Table 8.18 General Electric (GE) Company Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.19 General Electric (GE) Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.20 General Electric (GE) Company Divisions (Revenues $bn, % of Profits & Products)
Table 8.21 HTC Purenergy Inc. Company Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.22 HTC Purenergy Inc. Carbon Capture & Storage Contracts (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.23 HTC Purenergy Inc. Company Divisions (Products & Services)
Table 8.24 Linde AG Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.25 Linde AG Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details, Model/Type)
Table 8.26 Linde AG Company Divisions (% of Net Sales, Operating Margins, Products & Services)
Table 8.27 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.28 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.29 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Company Divisions (% of Net Sales, Products & Services)
Table 8.30 Praxair Inc. Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.31 Praxair Inc. Carbon Capture & Storage Project (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.32 Praxair Inc. Company Divisions by End Market Sales (Percentage of Sales)
Table 8.33 E.ON AG Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, HQ, Ticker, Contact, Website)
Table 8.34 E.ON AG Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.35 E.ON AG Company Divisions (Sales in 2011 $, Source of Energy)
Table 8.36 Enel S.p.A. Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.37 Enel S.p.A. Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details, Model/Type)
Table 8.38 Enel S.p.A. Company Divisions 2011 (Revenues $ and %)
Table 8.39 RWE AG Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, Number of Customers, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.40 RWE AG Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.41 RWE AG Company Divisions (Products & Services)
Table 8.42 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.43 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.44 Saskatchewan Power Corporation Source of Energy 2011 (Percentage & Mega Watts)
Table 8.45 Scottish & Southern Energy Plc. Overview 2011/12 (Adjusted Profits before tax, Number of Employees, Number of Customers, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.46 Scottish & Southern Energy Plc. Carbon Capture & Storage Project (Date, Subcontractors, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.47 Scottish & Southern Energy Sources of Power Generation (% of Total, Mega Watts)
Table 8.48 Southern Company Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Customers, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.49 Southern Company Carbon Capture Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.50 Southern Company Divisions (Energy Production Capacity)
Table 8.51 Vattenfall Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, Number of Customers, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.52 Vattenfall Carbon Capture Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.53 Vattenfall Company Divisions by Sales of Energy 2011 (Terra Watt Hours)
Table 8.54 Baker Hughes Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.55 Baker Hughes Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.56 Baker Hughes Company Divisions (Products & Services)
Table 8.57 Halliburton Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.58 Halliburton Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.59 Halliburton Company Divisions (Percentage of Revenues, Products & Services)
Table 8.60 Petrofac Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.61 Petrofac Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Value, Details)
Table 8.62 Petrofac Company Divisions (Contribution to Profits %, Contribution to Revenues, Products & Services)
Table 8.63 Schlumberger Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.64 Schlumberger Carbon Capture & Storage Projects (Date, Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.65 Schlumberger Company Divisions (% of Revenues, Products & Services)
Table 8.66 Kinder Morgan Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.67 Kinder Morgan CO2 Pipeline Programmes (Location, Details)
Table 8.68 Kinder Morgan Company Divisions (Net Earnings $m, % of total Net Earnings, Products & Services)
Table 8.69 National Grid Plc. Overview 2011 (Total Revenue, Number of Employees, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 8.70 National Grid Plc. CO2 Transmission Projects (Companies, Country, Details)
Table 8.71 National Grid Plc. Company Divisions (% of Adjusted Operating Profits)
Table 8.72 Leading Oil & Gas Companies Involved in Enhanced Oil Recovery with CO2 Flooding (Company, Product & Service)
Table 8.73 Other Leading Companies in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market (Company, Product & Service)
Table 8.74 List of Organisations Involved in the Carbon Capture and Storage Market
Table 9.1 Summary of Drivers & Restraints in the Global Carbon Capture & Storage Market
Table 9.2 Leading National Market Forecasts Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($bn), 2013-2023 CAGR (%)
Table 9.3 Submarket Forecasts Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($bn), 2013-2023 CAGR (%)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Total Emissions (Million Metric Tonnes of CO2) and per Capita Emissions (Tonnes/Capita) of Top 20 Largest Polluter Nations 2010
Figure 2.1 Global Carbon Capture and Storage Market Segmentation Overview
Figure 2.2 Global Carbon Capture and Storage Market Structure Overview
Figure 2.3 CO2 Source, Capture, Transport, Injection and Storage Technologies
Figure 2.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions; Natural Gas, Oil and Coal (Pound/Billion Btu)
Figure 2.5 Regional Net Exports of Coal 1981-2011 (Million tonnes of oil equivalent)
Figure 2.6 Regional Coal Consumption 1965-2011 (Million tonnes of oil equivalent)
Figure 2.7 World Coal Consumption 2011 (Mtoe & %)
Figure 2.8 Proven Coal Reserves at End of 2011 by Major Countries (%)
Figure 2.9 Price of Coal in US, Northwest Europe, Japan 1990-2011 ($/Tonne)
Figure 2.10 Expected Contribution of Various Energy Technologies to Reduction of CO2 Emissions for Tackling Climate Change 2005-2050 (Giga Tonnes of CO2)
Figure 3.1 Global Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 3.2 Percentage of Power Produced from Coal in China, Australia, India, US & Germany 2010 (%)
Figure 3.3 Levelised Cost of Electricity ($/MWh) from Power Plants with and without Carbon Capture & Storage
Figure 4.1 Cumulative Carbon Capture & Storage Submarket Forecasts 2013-2023 ($bn)
Figure 4.2 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarkets Share Forecast 2013 (%)
Figure 4.3 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarkets Share Forecast 2018 (%)
Figure 4.4 Carbon Capture & Storage Submarkets Share Forecast 2023 (%)
Figure 4.5 CO2 Capture Submarket Forecast 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%)
Figure 4.6 CO2 Capture Submarket Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (%)
Figure 4.7 CO2 Transmission Submarket Forecast 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%)
Figure 4.8 CO2 Transmission Submarket Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (%)
Figure 4.9 Transportation Costs of CO2 Via Offshore & Onshore Pipelines and Vs. Shipping Costs Over 0-5,000km Distance 2010 ($/tonne CO2)
Figure 4.10 CO2 Storage Submarket Forecast 2013-2023 ($bn, AGR%)
Figure 4.11 CO2 Storage Submarket Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (%)
Figure 4.12 Capacities of All Potential Oil & Gas Geologies Identified for CO2 Storage on a Regional Basis, 2012 (Billion Tonnes of CO2)
Figure 5.1 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Markets Forecast 2013-2023 ($m)
Figure 5.2 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Markets Share Forecast 2013 (%)
Figure 5.3 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Markets Share Forecast 2018 (%)
Figure 5.4 Leading National Carbon Capture & Storage Markets Share Forecast 2023 (%)
Figure 5.5 Barriers to Entry vs. National Market Size vs. CAGR% 2013-2023 ($m, CAGR%)
Figure 5.6 The US Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.7 The US Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.8 Location of US Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects, Carbon Dioxide Sources and Carbon Dioxide Pipelines
Figure 5.9 US Carbon Dioxide Availability by Source 2000, 2012 and 2015 Forecast (million tonnes per year)
Figure 5.10 The Canadian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.11 The Canadian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.12 Map of CO2 Storage Potential in Canada
Figure 5.13 The Chinese Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.14 The Chinese Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.15 The UK Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.16 The UK Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.17 Map of Western European Potential for CO2 Capture & Storage
Figure 5.18 The Australian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.19 The Australian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.20 Map Australian Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Projects & Status
Figure 5.21 The Norwegian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.22 The Norwegian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.23 The UAE Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.24 The UAE Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.25 The Netherlands Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.26 The Netherlands Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.27 Brazilian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.28 Brazilian Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 5.29 The Rest of the World Carbon Capture & Storage Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 5.30 The Rest of the World Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 6.1 Percentage of Emissions Cuts, by source, for Preventing a Global Temperature Rise of More Than 2 By 2030
Figure 6.2 Number of Large CCS Plants By Industry and Stage of Progress
Figure 6.3 Capital Costs of 250MW Coal and Natural Gas Burning Power Plant With & Without CO2 ($m)
Figure 6.4 Increase in Levelised Cost of Production with Carbon Capture Technology by Type of Plants (%)
Figure 6.5 Water Consumption of Power Plants With and Without CCS (Litre/MWh)
Figure 6.6 Emissions of Harmful Substances from Natural Gas, Oil and Coal (Pound Per Billion British Thermal Units of Energy)
Figure 6.7 Topology of Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Technology
Figure 6.8 Topology of Post-combustion Carbon Capture Technology
Figure 6.9 Topology of Oxyfuel Combustion Carbon Capture Technology
Figure 6.10 Increase in Levelised Cost of Energy After Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (%)
Figure 7.1 Main Carbon Capture & Storage Industry Divisions
Figure 8.1 Leading 20 Companies in the Carbon Capture & Storage Market Share 2013-2019 (% share)
Figure 8.2 Major Companies Owning and Operating Carbon Capture & Storage Projects
Figure 8.3 Major Companies involved in Carbon Dioxide Capture Projects
Figure 8.4 E.ON Energy Production Carbon Intensity by Country (%)
Figure 8.5 E.ON Carbon Emissions by CO2 Certificate Allocated/Non-Allocated (Million Tonnes)
Figure 8.6 E.ON Percentage of Regional Sales, by Country (%)
Figure 8.7 Sources of Enel's Net Electricity Generation 2011 (MWh)
Figure 8.8 Enel's Capital Investment by Sector 2011 ($m)
Figure 8.9 Enel's Regional Operating Income ($m)
Figure 8.10 RWE AG Carbon Emissions by CO2 certificate Allocated/Non-Allocated 2011 (Million Tonnes)
Figure 8.11 RWE AG's Percentage of Electricity Sales by National Market 2011 (%)
Figure 8.12 RWE AG's Percentage of Gas Sales by National Market 2011 (%)
Figure 8.13 Scottish & Southern Energy Capital Expenditure (% of Total, $m)
Figure 8.14 Southern Company's Sources of Energy Production 2000, 2011, 2012
Figure 8.15 Vattenfall Sources of Energy Production 2011 (%)
Figure 8.16 Vattenfall Net Sales by Country 2011 (%)
Figure 8.17 Key Companies Involved in Carbon Dioxide Transportation & Storage
Figure 8.18 Schlumberger's Revenues by Region 2011 (%)

COMPANIES LISTED

2Co Energy
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC)
AFC Energy
Agrium Inc.
Air Liquide
Air Liquide Process & Construction, Inc.
Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
Akema
Aker Clean Carbon
Alabama Power
Allied Resource Corporation
Allied Syngas Corporation
Alstom
Alstom UK
AltaGas Canada
Ameren Energy Resources Company
American Electric Power (AEP)
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
Anglo American
Apache Corporation
ArcelorMittal
Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Company
Arkema
Arup
AspenTech
Ayrshire Power
Babcock & Wilcox
Babcock & Wilcox
Babcock & Wilcox Canada
Babcock & Wilcox mPower, Inc.
Babcock & Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.
Babcock & Wilcox Nuclear Operations Group, Inc.
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc.
Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services Group, Inc.
Baker Hughes
BASF
Bechtel
BHP Billiton
BOC Industrial Gases UK
Bow City Power Ltd.
BP
Bulgarian Energy Holding (BEH)
C.Gen Group
C12 Energy
C6 Resources
Cambridge Carbon Capture
Capital Power Corporation
Capture Power Ltd.
Carbon Capture Corporation
CCS TLM Ltd.
CEMEX Inc.
Cenovus Energy
Centrica Plc.
CEPAC
Chaparral Energy Inc.
Charles Russell
Chevron Australia
Chevron Corporation
China Datang Corporation
China Huaneng Group
China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)
Chubu Electric Power
Ciuden
Cleantech Group
CO2DeepStore Ltd.
ConocoPhillips
Consol Energy
Coolimba Power Pty Ltd.
Core Energy
CPS Energy
CS Energy
CVR Energy Inc.
Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME)
Denbury Onshore LLC,
Denbury Resources Inc.
Devon Energy Corporation
DKRW Advanced Fuels LLC.
DONG Energy
Dongguan Power Fuel Co. Ltd.
Dongguan Taiyangzhou Power Corporation
Doosan Babcock
Doosan Industrial Co.Ltd.
Doosan Power Systems
Dow Chemical Corporation
Drax Power
Dresser-Rand Group
E.ON AG
E.ON Kraftwerke GmbH
EDF Energy
El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. (EPB)
Emirates Aluminium (EMAL)
Emirates Steel Industries (ESI)
EnBW AG
Enbridge Inc.
Endesa
Enel S.p.A.
Energen Resources Corporation
Enhance Energy Inc.
Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery (EHR)
Eni
Enmax
ERORA Group
Eskom
Essent
ExxonMobil
Fairfield Energy
Fasken Oil & Ranch Ltd.
Fluor Corporation
Foster Wheeler
FuelCell Energy, Inc.
FutureGen Alliance
Gassnova SF
GDF Suez
GDF Suez E&P Norge AS
GE Energy
General Electric (GE)
GeoGreen
Getica CCS Project Company
GPC Quimica
Great Northern Power Development
GreenGen
GreenHydrogen
Halliburton Petrofac
Hess Corporation
Hess Norge
Hitachi
HTC Purenergy
HuaNeng Group
HuaNeng IGCC Company Limited
IHI Corporation
International Power Plc
Inventys Thermal Technologies
Japan CCS Company
Japan Oil
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)
Japan Vietnam Petroleum Co., Ltd (JVPC)
J-POWER
Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.
KBR
Kinder Morgan
Kinder Morgan CO2 Company, L.P.
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (KMP)
Kinder Morgan Inc. (KMI)
Kinder Morgan Management, LLC (KMR)
Kingsland Energy Corporation
Koch Industries
Koch Nitrogen Company
Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
Leucadia Energy LLC.
Leucadia National Corporation
Lianyungang Clean Energy Innovation Industrial Park Ltd.
Linde AG
Liquid Logistics Shipping Concept
Lurgi GmbH
Maasvlakte CCS Project C.V.
Maersk
Maersk Tankers
Marathon Oil
Masdar
Medicine Bow Fuel and Power LLC
Merit Energy Company
Mississippi Power
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
National Grid Plc.
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
Neill and Gunter Ltd
New York Stock Exchange
Ningdong Energy Chemical Industry Base
Norsk Hydro
North Dakota Gasification Co.
North West Upgrading Inc.
Npower
Nuon-Vattenfall
Occidental Petroleum Corporation
Organic Carbon Dioxide for Assimilation of Plants (OCAP)
Osaka Gas
Peabody Energy
Peel Energy
Pemex
Petoro AS
Petro SA
Petro Source
PetroCanada
Petrofac
Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras)
PETRONAS
Petrovietnam
PGE Elektrownia Be?chatow S.A. (PGE EBSA)
Praxair Inc.
Premier Oil
Progressive Energy LTD
Ravensdown
Rentech
Rio Tinto
Royal Dutch Shell
RWE AG
Sandridge Energy
Santos
Sargas
Saskatchewan Power Corporation
Saskatoon Light & Power
Sasol
Saudi Aramco
Schlumberger
Scottish & Southern Energy Plc.
ScottishPower
SCS Energy LLC
Senergy Alternative Energy
SEQ International BV
Shell Canada
Shell U.K. Ltd.
Shenhua Group Corporation Ltd.
Siemens
Sinopec
Sinopec Engineering Group
Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Co. Ltd.
SNC Lavalin
SNC Lavalin Group
SNC Lavalin-Cansolv
Solid Energy
Sonatrach
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB)
Southern Company
Spectra Energy Inc.
Stanwell Corporation
Statoil
Stogit
Summit Power Group
Suncore
Swan Hills Synfuels
TAQA
Taweelah Asia Power Company (TAPCO)
Tel-Tek
Tenaska Energy
Tenaska Taylorville LLC.
Tenaska Trailblazer Energy Center
Tianjin DaGang Huashi Power Generation Co. Ltd (Dagang Huashi)
Tohoku Hokuriku Electric Power
Tokyo Gas
Toshiba Corporation
Total
Total E&P Norge AS
TransAlta
Trinity Pipeline
Turkish Petroleum
UK Coal
ULCOS (Ultra-Low-CO2-Steel) Consortium
Valero Energy Corporation
Vattenfall AB
Whiting Petroleum Corporation
Wolverine Power Supply Cooperative Inc.
Woodside
Xstrata
Xstrata Coal
Yellow Wood Energy

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT

Alberta Department of Environment
Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board
Australian Centre for Renewable Energy
Australian Coal Association
Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BGRM)
Bureau of Economic Geology at The University of Texas at Austin
Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy
Centre for European Policy Studies
China's National Development and Reform Commission
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Chinese National Basic Research Program
Clean Coal Task Group (CCTG)
Clean Energy Commercialization Center (CECC)
CO2 Technology Centre (TCM)
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)
Council for Geosciences
Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Department of Science and Technology (DST)
Eco Energy CCS Task Force
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Energy Information Administration
Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) Institute for Energy
European Investment Bank (EIB)
European Union (EU)
French Petroleum Institute (IFP)
German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)
Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Australia
Global CCS Institute
Greenpeace
Illinois State Geological Survey
International Energy Agency
International Performance Assessment Centre (IPAC-CO2)
Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance
Japan Coal Energy Center
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
Montana State University
Montana State University
National Carbon Capture Centre
Natural Resources Canada
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Petroleum Technology Research Centre (PTRC)
Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS) Organisation
South African Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS)
South African National Energy Research Institute (SANERI)
The French Bureau of Geological and Mining Research (BRGM)
Thermal Power Research Institute (TPRI)
United Nations
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
University of Edinburgh
University of Leeds
University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology
University of Wyoming Carbon Management Institute
US Congressional Research Services (CRS)
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Zero Emission Platform (ZEP)


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