Japanese Market for Dental Prosthetics and CAD/CAM Devices 2011
In 2010, the Japanese market for dental prosthetic and CAD/CAM devices was the largest in Asia-Pacific region. The market for dental prosthetics in Japan was the largest in terms of both unit sales and market value in 2010. The dental prosthetic market saw a drop in the number of units sold during the global economic recession but has seen steady recovery since the beginning of 2010
The market segments covered in this report include:
Within the dental prosthetics and CAD/CAM market, companies such as Sirona, Nobel Biocare, 3M Espe and Noritake lead the market, among many others. This report provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of market revenues by device type, market forecasts through 2017, unit sales, average selling prices, market drivers and limiters and a detailed competitive analysis, including manufacturer market shares and product portfolios.
The market segments covered in this report include:
- Crowns,
- Bridges,
- Inlays/Onlays,
- Veneers,
- Dentures,
- CAD/CAM System,
- CAD/CAM Prosthetics,
- CAD/CAM Blocks
Within the dental prosthetics and CAD/CAM market, companies such as Sirona, Nobel Biocare, 3M Espe and Noritake lead the market, among many others. This report provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of market revenues by device type, market forecasts through 2017, unit sales, average selling prices, market drivers and limiters and a detailed competitive analysis, including manufacturer market shares and product portfolios.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 TOTAL ASIA-PACIFIC DENTAL PROSTHETICS AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
1.2 CAD/CAM PROSTHETICS MARKET
1.3 CAD/CAM BLOCK MARKET
1.4 TREND ANALYSIS BY COUNTRY
1.5 TREND ANALYSIS BY SEGMENT
1.6 DENTURE MARKET
1.7 CAD/CAM SYSTEM MARKET
1.8 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 RESEARCH SCOPE
2.2 IDATA’S 9-STEP METHODOLOGY
Step 1: Project Initiation & Team Selection
Step 2: Prepare Data Systems and Perform Secondary Research
Step 3: Preparation for Interviews & Questionnaire Design
Step 4: Performing Primary Research
Step 5: Research Analysis: Establishing Baseline Estimates
Step 6: Market Forecast and Analysis
Step 7: Identify Strategic Opportunities
Step 8: Final Review and Market Release
Step 9: Customer Feedback and Market Monitoring
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PROSTHETICS
3.1 DENTAL HEALTH STATISTICS IN ASIA-PACIFIC
3.2 CROWNS AND BRIDGES
3.2.1 Crowns
3.2.2 Bridges
3.2.2.1 Material Types
3.2.3 Inlays/Onlays
3.2.3.1 Material Types
3.2.4 Veneers
3.2.4.1 Material Types
3.2.5 Dentures
3.2.5.1 Full Dentures
3.2.5.2 Partial Dentures
3.2.6 Manufacturing Process and Technological Developments
3.2.6.1 Conventional Fabrication
3.2.6.2 CAD/CAM Technology
3.2.6.3 Rapid Prototyping
3.2.6.4 Intra-Oral Digital Impression-Taking
COUNTRY PROFILES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Population
4.1.2 Median Age
4.1.3 GDP per Capita
4.1.4 Crowns and Bridges Placed Per 10,000 Inhabitants
4.1.5 Price Index
4.2 ASIA-PACIFIC DENTAL PROSTHETICS PER CAPITA SUMMARY
4.3 JAPAN
4.4 DENTISTS PER POPULATION
JAPANESE DENTAL PROSTHETIC AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
5.2.1 Dental Prosthetic Device Market
5.2.2 Crown and Bridge Market
5.2.2.1 Porcelain-Fused Metal (PFM) Device Market
5.2.2.2 Full-Cast Device Market
5.2.2.3 All-Ceramic Device Market
5.2.2.4 Hard-Resin Device Market
5.2.3 CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.2.3.1 Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.2.3.2 In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.2.4 Denture Market
5.2.4.1 Full Denture Market
5.2.4.2 Partial Denture Market
5.2.5 CAD/CAM System Market
5.2.5.1 Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market
5.2.5.2 Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market
5.2.5.3 Chairside CAD/CAM System Market
5.3 MARKET DRIVERS AND LIMITERS
5.3.1 Total Dental Prosthetics Market
5.3.1.1 Market Drivers
5.3.1.2 Market Limiters
5.3.2 Crown and Bridge Market
5.3.2.1 Market Drivers
5.3.2.2 Market Limiters
5.3.3 Denture Market
5.3.3.1 Market Drivers
5.3.3.2 Market Limiters
5.3.4 CAD/CAM System Market
5.3.4.1 Market Drivers
5.3.4.2 Market Limiters
5.4 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
5.4.1 CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.4.1.1 In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.4.1.2 Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.4.2 CAD/CAM System Market
5.4.2.1 Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market
5.4.2.2 Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market
5.4.2.3 Chairside CAD/CAM System Market
Sirona
5.5 CAD/CAM BLOCK MARKET
5.5.1 Market Overview
5.5.2 : CAD/CAM Block Market by Material Type
5.5.2.1 Zirconia
5.5.2.2 Porcelain
5.5.2.3 Acrylic
5.5.2.4 Metal
ABBREVIATIONS
1.1 TOTAL ASIA-PACIFIC DENTAL PROSTHETICS AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
1.2 CAD/CAM PROSTHETICS MARKET
1.3 CAD/CAM BLOCK MARKET
1.4 TREND ANALYSIS BY COUNTRY
1.5 TREND ANALYSIS BY SEGMENT
1.6 DENTURE MARKET
1.7 CAD/CAM SYSTEM MARKET
1.8 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 RESEARCH SCOPE
2.2 IDATA’S 9-STEP METHODOLOGY
Step 1: Project Initiation & Team Selection
Step 2: Prepare Data Systems and Perform Secondary Research
Step 3: Preparation for Interviews & Questionnaire Design
Step 4: Performing Primary Research
Step 5: Research Analysis: Establishing Baseline Estimates
Step 6: Market Forecast and Analysis
Step 7: Identify Strategic Opportunities
Step 8: Final Review and Market Release
Step 9: Customer Feedback and Market Monitoring
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PROSTHETICS
3.1 DENTAL HEALTH STATISTICS IN ASIA-PACIFIC
3.2 CROWNS AND BRIDGES
3.2.1 Crowns
3.2.2 Bridges
3.2.2.1 Material Types
3.2.3 Inlays/Onlays
3.2.3.1 Material Types
3.2.4 Veneers
3.2.4.1 Material Types
3.2.5 Dentures
3.2.5.1 Full Dentures
3.2.5.2 Partial Dentures
3.2.6 Manufacturing Process and Technological Developments
3.2.6.1 Conventional Fabrication
3.2.6.2 CAD/CAM Technology
3.2.6.3 Rapid Prototyping
3.2.6.4 Intra-Oral Digital Impression-Taking
COUNTRY PROFILES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Population
4.1.2 Median Age
4.1.3 GDP per Capita
4.1.4 Crowns and Bridges Placed Per 10,000 Inhabitants
4.1.5 Price Index
4.2 ASIA-PACIFIC DENTAL PROSTHETICS PER CAPITA SUMMARY
4.3 JAPAN
4.4 DENTISTS PER POPULATION
JAPANESE DENTAL PROSTHETIC AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
5.2.1 Dental Prosthetic Device Market
5.2.2 Crown and Bridge Market
5.2.2.1 Porcelain-Fused Metal (PFM) Device Market
5.2.2.2 Full-Cast Device Market
5.2.2.3 All-Ceramic Device Market
5.2.2.4 Hard-Resin Device Market
5.2.3 CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.2.3.1 Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.2.3.2 In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.2.4 Denture Market
5.2.4.1 Full Denture Market
5.2.4.2 Partial Denture Market
5.2.5 CAD/CAM System Market
5.2.5.1 Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market
5.2.5.2 Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market
5.2.5.3 Chairside CAD/CAM System Market
5.3 MARKET DRIVERS AND LIMITERS
5.3.1 Total Dental Prosthetics Market
5.3.1.1 Market Drivers
5.3.1.2 Market Limiters
5.3.2 Crown and Bridge Market
5.3.2.1 Market Drivers
5.3.2.2 Market Limiters
5.3.3 Denture Market
5.3.3.1 Market Drivers
5.3.3.2 Market Limiters
5.3.4 CAD/CAM System Market
5.3.4.1 Market Drivers
5.3.4.2 Market Limiters
5.4 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
5.4.1 CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.4.1.1 In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.4.1.2 Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market
5.4.2 CAD/CAM System Market
5.4.2.1 Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market
5.4.2.2 Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market
5.4.2.3 Chairside CAD/CAM System Market
Sirona
5.5 CAD/CAM BLOCK MARKET
5.5.1 Market Overview
5.5.2 : CAD/CAM Block Market by Material Type
5.5.2.1 Zirconia
5.5.2.2 Porcelain
5.5.2.3 Acrylic
5.5.2.4 Metal
ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF FIGURES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PROSTHETICS
COUNTRY PROFILES
Figure 5-1: Price Index, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Figure 5-2: Country Indicators, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Figure 5-3: Population per Dentist, Asia-Pacfic, 2010
JAPANESE DENTAL PROSTHETIC AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
Figure 6-1: Total Dental Prosthetic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M) .
Figure 6-2: Total Dental Prosthetic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥M)
Figure 6-3: Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-4: Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-5: Crown and Bridge Units Sold by Material Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017 .
Figure 6-6: PFM Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-7: PFM Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-8: Full-Cast Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-9: Full-Cast Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-10: All-Ceramic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-11: All-Ceramic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-12: Hard-Resin Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-13: Hard-Resin Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-14: CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-15: CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-16: Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)55
Figure 6-17: Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-18: In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-19: In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-20: Denture Market by Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Figure 6-21: Denture Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-22: Denture Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-23: Denture Units by Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Figure 6-24: CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Figure 6-25: Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-26: Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-27: Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-28: Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-29: Chairside CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-30: Chairside CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-31: Drivers and Limiters, Total Dental Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-32: Drivers and Limiters, Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-33: Drivers and Limiters, Denture Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-34: Drivers and Limiters, CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-35: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-36: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-37: Leading Competitors, Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-38: Leading Competitors, Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-39: CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-40: CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-41: Units Sold by Material Type, CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017
ABBREVIATIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PROSTHETICS
COUNTRY PROFILES
Figure 5-1: Price Index, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Figure 5-2: Country Indicators, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Figure 5-3: Population per Dentist, Asia-Pacfic, 2010
JAPANESE DENTAL PROSTHETIC AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
Figure 6-1: Total Dental Prosthetic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M) .
Figure 6-2: Total Dental Prosthetic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥M)
Figure 6-3: Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-4: Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-5: Crown and Bridge Units Sold by Material Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017 .
Figure 6-6: PFM Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-7: PFM Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-8: Full-Cast Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-9: Full-Cast Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-10: All-Ceramic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-11: All-Ceramic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-12: Hard-Resin Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-13: Hard-Resin Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-14: CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-15: CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-16: Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)55
Figure 6-17: Chairside CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-18: In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-19: In-Lab CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-20: Denture Market by Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Figure 6-21: Denture Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-22: Denture Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-23: Denture Units by Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Figure 6-24: CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Figure 6-25: Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-26: Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-27: Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-28: Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-29: Chairside CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-30: Chairside CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-31: Drivers and Limiters, Total Dental Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-32: Drivers and Limiters, Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-33: Drivers and Limiters, Denture Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-34: Drivers and Limiters, CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-35: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-36: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-37: Leading Competitors, Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-38: Leading Competitors, Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Figure 6-39: CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$)
Figure 6-40: CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (JP¥)
Figure 6-41: Units Sold by Material Type, CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017
ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF CHARTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chart 1-1: Dental Prosthetics and CAD/CAM Device Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 1-2: Percentage of Prosthetics Sold by CAD/CAM Technology versus Conventional Methods, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017
Chart 1-3: CAD/CAM Block Unit Share by Material Type, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Chart 1-4: Dental Prosthetics Market by Country, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Chart 1-5: Growth Rates by Segment, Crown and Bridge Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017
Chart 1-6: Denture Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 1-7: CAD/CAM System Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 1-8: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM System Market, Asia-Pacific, 2010
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PROSTHETICS
COUNTRY PROFILES
Chart 5-1: Country Statistics, Japan, 2010
JAPANESE DENTAL PROSTHETIC AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
Chart 6-1: Total Dental Prosthetic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-2: Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-3: Crown and Bridge Units Sold by Material Type, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-4: Crown and Bridge Units Sold by Material Type, Japan, 2017
Chart 6-5: Crown and Bridge Unit Share by Material Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Chart 6-6: Denture Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-7: CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-8: Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-9: Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-10: Chairside CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-11: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-12: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-13: Leading Competitors, Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-14: Leading Competitors, Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-15: CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-16: Units Sold by Material Type, CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017
ABBREVIATIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chart 1-1: Dental Prosthetics and CAD/CAM Device Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 1-2: Percentage of Prosthetics Sold by CAD/CAM Technology versus Conventional Methods, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017
Chart 1-3: CAD/CAM Block Unit Share by Material Type, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Chart 1-4: Dental Prosthetics Market by Country, Asia-Pacific, 2010
Chart 1-5: Growth Rates by Segment, Crown and Bridge Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017
Chart 1-6: Denture Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 1-7: CAD/CAM System Market, Asia-Pacific, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 1-8: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM System Market, Asia-Pacific, 2010
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL PROSTHETICS
COUNTRY PROFILES
Chart 5-1: Country Statistics, Japan, 2010
JAPANESE DENTAL PROSTHETIC AND CAD/CAM DEVICE MARKET
Chart 6-1: Total Dental Prosthetic Device Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-2: Crown and Bridge Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-3: Crown and Bridge Units Sold by Material Type, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-4: Crown and Bridge Units Sold by Material Type, Japan, 2017
Chart 6-5: Crown and Bridge Unit Share by Material Type, Japan, 2007 – 2017
Chart 6-6: Denture Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-7: CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-8: Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-9: Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-10: Chairside CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-11: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM Prosthetics Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-12: Leading Competitors, CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-13: Leading Competitors, Full In-Lab CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-14: Leading Competitors, Standalone Scanner CAD/CAM System Market, Japan, 2010
Chart 6-15: CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017 (US$M)
Chart 6-16: Units Sold by Material Type, CAD/CAM Block Market, Japan, 2007 – 2017
ABBREVIATIONS
